3 Basic Programming Languages

There are three basic types of programming languages. These languages are machine, assembly, and high-level languages. Machine language is just a sequence of zeroes and ones. Different combinations of zeroes and ones mean different things and sends different instruction to the computer. An advantage of this is that this is the only language that a computer can understand directly. However a fallback is that this is not very easy for humans to be able to either read it or write it. It will be hard to get any developers to utilize this language. This is the reason why most will use one of the other two. Assembly language is the oldest form of non-machine language. It is a symbolic representation of machine language. It typically uses a one to one correspondence between the two. Another program called an assembler will translate it into machine language. Since assembly language uses easy to recognize codes, it makes it a lot easier for people to understand. When it comes to the program and how it relates to the computer processing and memory usage, the program will typically be stored in non-volatile memory until it is requested. Upon request it will then be loaded into random access memory (RAM). Once it is loaded into the RAM it then can be accessed by the central processing unit (CPU). It will then execute instructions until terminated. Termination can either be by user or it can be due to software or hardware error. High-level languages will typically contain commonly used English words and phrases, thus removing a lot of the symbols and structure that is required at a lower level programming. There are several advantages to high-level languages vs machine or assembly. Typically if a program is written on one computer it can easily be modified to work on another computer. Also a single instruction written in a high level language will typically translate into several instructions in machine language. Now a disadvantage is that these high level programming languages are typically less powerful and less efficient than assembly languages. They also need to be translated into machine language before their instructions can be understood and carried out. Now there is several different high level programming languages out there. Why are there so many? I think there are so many for a few different reasons. One reason is to take advantage of hardware improvements that have been made over the years. Another is just to make it simpler for programmers. The easier that a language is to learn the better the opportunity is to attract talent. When developing a program, you need to first have a problem to solve. There is a cycle that is referred to as the program development cycle. This cycle has been developed as it is a model that can be repeated across the board to maximize success. The cycle has 7 basic steps. These steps are Define the problem Outline the solution Develop the outline into an algorithm Then test the algorithm Code the algorithm Run the program on the computer Document and maintain the program Now when coming up with the design for your program, you will need to have on hand some people to give input. Having the customer on hand to provide some of that input would be advantageous. Software Engineers, as well as testing engineers will need to be giving input as well as the project manager.

Stillborn Babies

Still Born Babies What is stillbirth? The medical definition of a still birth is when a baby is born without any signs of life at or after 20 weeks or weighing more than 500g before labour. Death in the fetus may have occurred during pregnancy, which is intrauterine death, labour, or birth. Most still births are intrauterine. As rare as stillbirth is, it occurs once in every 160 pregnancies. What causes a stillbirth? There are a number of known causes of stillbirth. Sometimes more than one of these causes may contribute to the baby’s death essay writer reviews.Common causes include: * Birth defects: Such as Down syndrome. Others have other birth defects resulting from genetic, environmental or unknown causes. * Placental problems: Placental abruption. In this condition, the placenta peels away, partly to almost completely, from the uterine wall before delivery. It results in heavy bleeding that can threaten the life of mother and baby. Sometimes it can cause the fetus to die f rom lack of oxygen. * Poor fetal growth: Fetuses who are growing too slowly are at increased risk of stillbirth.About 40 percent of stillborn babies have poor growth. Increased risk by smoking or high blood pressure. * Infections: Infections involving the mother, fetus or placenta appear to cause about 10 to 25 percent of stillbirths. These include genital and urinary tract infections that may go undiagnosed until they cause serious complications * Chronic health conditions in the pregnant woman: About 10 percent of stillbirths are related to chronic health conditions in the mother, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, kidney diseases, and blood clotting disorders. Umbilical cord accidents: These include a knot in the cord or abnormal placement of the cord into the placenta, causing there to be a shortage of oxygen to the fetus. Other causes of stillbirth include trauma (such as car accidents), postdate pregnancy (a pregnancy that lasts longer than 42 weeks), Rh disease (an incomp atibility between the blood of mother and baby), and lack of oxygen (asphyxia) during a difficult delivery. These causes are uncommon. What are some factors that increase a mother’s chance of a stillbirth? Women 35 years old or older: As age increases, there are more risks to pregnancy and all around health. * Malnutrition: Just like us, the fetus will only survive for so long with little to no nutrition. * Inadequate prenatal care: Women who are a high risk pregnancy have to be more careful with their daily activities. Even a regular pregnancy requires rest, low stress and being aware of your surroundings. * Smoking: Cigarette smoke contains more than 4,000 chemicals, including things like cyanide, lead, and at least 60 cancer-causing compounds.When you smoke during pregnancy, that toxic brew gets into your bloodstream, the fetus’ only source of oxygen and nutrients. * Alcohol and drug abuse: Alcohol and drugs, poison the bloodstream to the fetus, it’s only sou rce of oxygen and nutrients. * African-American ethnicity: It is not known why African American women are about twice as likely as other American women to have a stillborn baby. How is fetal death diagnosed? An ultrasound can tell if the fetus has died by showing the fetus’ heartbeat. It sometimes can help explain why the fetus died.The doctor also can do some blood tests on the woman to help confirm why the fetus died. What happens after the diagnosis? After finding out that the fetus has died in the womb, the mother must go through with the birth of her stillborn. Whether the parents want to wait until labour comes naturally or if they’d like labour to be induced is their choice. Testing for the cause of the stillbirth requires permission from both parents. A specialized doctor will perform an autopsy on the baby to reveal the cause.This is mostly done to prevent a repeated stillbirth. What are the chances of a repeat stillborn? The likelihood of a recurrent stillbir th depends upon the cause of your initial stillbirth. While repeated stillbirths do happen, they are very uncommon. Even in the case of genetic defects, recurrent stillbirths are very unlikely. Bibliography 1. Babycenter. â€Å"When a baby is stillborn – BabyCenter Canada. † Pregnancy, baby and toddler health information at BabyCenter Canada – BabyCenter Canada. Babycenter, n. d. Web. . 2. March of Dimes. â€Å"Stillbirth  |  Baby  |  Loss and grief  |  March of Dimes. † Pregnancy, Baby, Prematurity, Birth Defects  |  March of Dimes. http://www. marchofdimes. com/baby/loss_stillbirth 3. â€Å"Stillbirth: Trying to Understand – American Pregnancy Association. † American Pregnancy Association – Promoting Pregnancy Wellness. National Stillbirth society, n. d. Web. 10 Apr. 2013. . 4. March of Dimes. â€Å"StillbirthA  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Loss and grief. Pregnancy, Baby, Prematurity, Birth DefectsA  |A  March of Dimes. March Of Dimes, n. d. Web. 12 Apr. 2013. . 1. â€Å"Understanding stillbirth — diagnosis and treatment. † WebMD – Better information. Better health.. WebMD, 23 Apr. 2012. Web. 11 Apr. 2013. . 2. Epigee. org. â€Å"Pregnancy Help and Information: Stillbirth. † Epigee Pregnancy Resource. http://www. epigee. org/pregnancy/stillbirth. html (accessed April 11, 2013).

Withdrawal Are Soliders from Iraq or Stay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Withdrawal Are Soliders from Iraq or Stay - Essay Example The war has created an unexpectedly resilient insurgency in Iraq as well as sectarian violence. Although a new Iraqi government was formed, government in the Anbar province has collapsed and a Marine analyst has recently concluded there is nothing the U.S. can do to improve the situation politically or socially there (Ricks A01). Without a clear rationale or evidence of weapons of mass destruction, and with more proof that Saddam Hussein had nothing to do with Al Qaeda, the Iraq war is looking more and more irrelevant to the war on terror in the eyes of the American public. If U.S. troops are not somehow extricated from Iraq, it appears the situation there will only worsen. Daily bombings of U.S. troops can continue to be expected, as there seems to be no way to eliminate this type of attack. The insurgency grows stronger as a generation of people in the Middle East view the U.S. as occupiers. The growing violence between Sunnis and Shiites is increasingly endangering the ordinary people of Iraq. Opponents of pulling out of Iraq have many legitimate concerns and claims. For instance, some insist America would be admitting defeat to the terrorists by leaving Iraq. Some claim the U.S. troops are needed in Iraq in order to ensure a democratic government is established there. There is also the claim that since there have been no more attacks on American soil since 9-11, this shows that the war in Iraq is working as a deterrent. Another claim is that keeping troops in Iraq provides Al Qaeda groups with an overseas target in the ongoing terror war, making the American public safer at home, by bringing the war to the enemy. Each of these concerns and claims should be considered during a pullout of troops from Iraq. The stigma of defeat is harmful to the U.S. image, but the message sent to the world when America conducted a pre-emptive strike against a country was far more damaging to its image and set a destabilizing

Conduct an interview with an Informatics Professional Essay

Conduct an interview with an Informatics Professional - Essay Example Therefore, although companies differ in the way they use this term, CSO is increasingly used to refer to the highest ranked person responsible for the entire security of an organization, that is, both physical and digital (CSO, 2008). This paper, through interviewing a person working in this position, investigates the roles, responsibilities, qualifications, background, experience and challenges facing chief security officers. The telephone interview involved Mr. Anthony Gacanja who is the current CSO of Safaricom Kenya, a major network provider company in Kenya. Mr. Anthony Gacanja is currently the Chief Security Officer at Safaricom Kenya. He did his O level at St. Mary’s School Nairobi and holds a bachelor degree in Bsc. Electrical and Electronics Engineering (majoring in Telecommunication) from Nairobi University. Before joining Safaricom, he worked as a Manger of Technology Security and Risk Services in Ernst and Young and also as an Application Systems Developer at Software Technologies Limited. He has vast experience in IT consultancy and information systems assurance and audit. Besides holding a bachelor degree, Mr. Gacanja is also passed his exams both in Certified Information System Auditor (CISA) and Certified Information Security Manager (CISM). When asked about the main roles and responsibilities of a CSO, Mr. Gacanja said that a CSO has several duties and responsibilities depending on the company he or she is working with. However, although he accepted that these duties and responsibilities may vary from one organization to another, he points out a common aim for all CSOs is to ensure good security to an organization and work force. He gave the following as the main roles of any CSO in any organization: On qualification, Mr. Gacanja said that any individual who wishes to be a chief security officer must have a strong knowledge of security related concepts and excellent contacts

Insights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Insights - Essay Example India for instance has not passed through the process of industrialization but has jumped into the post modern period unlike the developed nations who have their foundations in place. In order to hold back from the dangers of sudden breakdown, it is important for these nations to insulate themselves properly against the impact of economic downfalls in US which might trickle down to the regions enjoying so far the benefits of outsourcing. The countries like India and China need to develop a strong base of R&D in order to be self sufficient in technology instead of having to borrow the knowledge and tools from abroad. The economies need more inventions and innovations in this field in order to preserve originality. This will help the economies to gain more confidence in them because in a flat world sustainability is also an important concern to be addressed. One major problem which often arises is the fact that owing to the difference in exchange rate. Any invention requiring a patent is more likely to be shelled out to a multinational firm which will buy it expensively rather than an India firm. With globalization being so effective over the last decade and the common playing field enabled by triple convergence, Indians are more likely to sell their inventions to a multinational firm especially if it is something related to IT which might help business operations perform more efficiently.

The Prison Officers Strike Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Prison Officers Strike - Essay Example The various aspects of this strike are analyzed in this paper. Relevant literature is used in order to explain the reasons for the development of the strike even if it was against the law. It is made clear that the strike has been morally justified but it was not appropriately organized, a fact that led to its opposition to the existing laws. The Prison Officers Strike began in 29 August 2007 and ended the same day. It was just a 24 – hour walkout, which, however, led to severe operational problems in prisons across Britain. About 20,000 prison officers and auxiliary staff supported the strike (BBC News 2007). The High Court decided that the strike was ‘illegal and unjustified’ (BBC News 2007) and issued an order for the termination of the strike. In the context of this order, prison officers had to return immediately to work. Indeed, ‘the prison officers in ‘Bristol, Canterbury and Long Lartin returned to work in the afternoon’ (BBC News 2007) while in other areas the strike lasted all day. Measures had been taken so that health and safety for prisoners is not set in risk; for this reason, during the strike, i.e. all day, ‘prisoners were kept locked in their cells while senior managers took charge of duties such as distributing meals’ (BBC News 2007). It should be note d that in Britain prison officers, like police officers, are not allowed to proceed to strike (Moore 2007). The 24-hour walk-out of prison officers resulted to severe operational problems in prisons across England, as for example to the cancellation of court cases (Russell 2007); also, visitors were not allowed to enter the prisons (Russell 2007). The strike led even to legal action by prisoners.

The Walter Family Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Walter Family - Case Study Example Catherine Walter, a self-proclaimed ‘depressed’ mother. The children are entitled to their basic needs and because there appeared to be a lack of provision in the Walter family, Mrs. Walter may indeed be guilty of neglecting her children. II. Major Issues of the Family The major problem of the family is that it does not have any dependable resources, let alone in the financial aspect. Although the lack of financial resources does not significantly qualify for a type of neglect, the Walter children are left exposed to possible substantial harm from the lack of food and a safe and clean dwelling place with no parent or any form of guardian to attend to their immediate needs. Mr. Walter abandoned his family without providing any essential aid (e.g. insurance) while Mrs. Walter admitted to have depressive symptoms which would give enough reason for the community CPS to take necessary action over the situation. Parental depression can cause a parent to divert her attention aw ay from her children (Jackson et al. 5). III. Needs of the Family The Walter family requires a good provider. ... Generally, the family needs economic and professional help from concerned social workers who could assist them. IV. Action Plan and Intervention Goals It is necessary that the alleged neglect of the Walter children by their mother, Mrs. Catherine Walter be determined properly. The community agency should know whether the treatment or intervention is favorable for the children and Mrs. Walter. Despite the fact that it’s the main duty of the community CPS to reduce the probable risks to a child, separating a child from his/her parent should be its last remaining option because doing so against the will of the family member concerned may have negative psychological effects to them especially when it is not necessary. In the following action plan, the persons directly involved during the treatment will be the Walter children, Mrs. Walter, physicians, pediatricians, social workers, child psychologists, and nutritional professionals who can detect victims of abuse or neglect. Intake /Initial Assessment/Investigation The Child Protective Services Agency must acquire credible evidence to substantiate the report of neglect (Depanfilis). Mrs. Walter should be properly and justifiably evaluated whether she could still provide the physiological and emotional needs of her children or not despite the fact that she admitted to undergoing depressive symptoms for it still unjust to opt for placement without due process of law (25). However, if it is the parent’s own choice to confine her children into a foster home instead, then she is already waiving her right as a responsible mother to her children. This recommended action will also determine whether statutory child protection is the best approach to the Walter family case.

Risk management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Risk management - Assignment Example In management of risk, the recognition, evaluation and prioritization of risks is done which is then followed by synchronized and estimated application of revenue and resources to reduce, supervise and control the probable happening of an unfortunate incident so as to maximize the usage and benefits of opportunities. There are different principles of risk management; the following are as proposed by the International Organization for Standardization. They are: To create value To be an essential part of the processes within the organization To play a role in the decision making process Openly discuss the risks Maintain a structured approach which is systematic Be tailor made The human factors be given importance and acknowledgement The policies should be fool proof BURJ KHALIFA Burj Khalifa which was initially known as Burj Dubai is located in Dubai and its construction was carried out by Emaar Properties. Its construction lasted for six continuous years starting from 2004 to 2009 and it is used for a lot of purposes be it residential, entertainment or business facilities; Burj Khalifa offers all. Its construction was done with the aim of making it into such a building which is diversified and convenient in its use; its interior boasts a dining area, a fitness club that stretches up to four stories, 37 floors that are dedicated for office use, 160 rooms that serves as the residing area for guests, 144 private residential suites, a park of 11 hectare, 6 features of water, swimming pools, a are garage that has the capacity to accommodate 3000 cars, an observation deck and approach to the scrupulously planned Dubai downtown which grants more packages and facilities to the investors of Burj Khalifa. (Frederic, 2010) RISK MANAGEMENT REQUIREMENTS OF BURJ KHALIFA Risk is a term that applies to an uncertain happening that may occur and impose a positive or negative effect on a certain task. Risk has a 100% chance of occurring or otherwise hence risk management aims at c ontemplating the possible causes that may contribute to a risk; thus strategies are developed to cope with it and prevent. Risk taking is a bold step and is often considered by some organizations during a project since it might in cases produce positive results. Certain risk management strategies are meticulously applied in the construction of Burj Khalifa. A few of them will be discussed here in detail. The frontage of the 01 tower in Burj Khalifa is constructed in a unique manner; the entire facade is perforated with openings which are 1,000 in number. If looked from a distance, these perforations look like O’s however a close glance at them reveals them to be as diamond or oval shaped. This design was an innovative attempt to design Burj Khalifa and was presented by Reiser-Umemoto and RUR Architecture. A competition held by the Dubai Properties gave birth to this exclusive concept in which Shahab Lufti had encouraged the group to come up with a design for the new building that would become the tallest skyscraper in the world. It is a very simple structure in which a diagrid is made of concrete and has openings that change through 4 different scales that range from 2.5m to 6.5m. This would prove to be very beneficial since the concrete frontage was designed in such a manner that would serve the purpose of a sunscreen in Dubai’

Business Law and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Business Law and Ethics - Essay Example The utilitarian ethics is also considered in this case. I would act in a manner that favors the greatest number of people. The stakeholder’s theory as well stockholder theory still will be analyzed. These are in matters of my duties and obligation to these parties. A rationale is laid down on the action to adopt which affects the biggest number of people. An analysis of the cost outlay and benefit is down in this case. Further I would assess what other people have done in such situations and look into my rights in law. In light to these, I would blow the whistle on the violations of the inspection protocols of Delectables. A great number of risk and benefits is involved here. The first risk is losing my job since it will entail exposing the organization’s bad conduct. The other risk would involve the loss to the company. The company stands at facing a major litigation that would lead to high consumer base loss. This in turn would case reduced turnover. On the contrary, there are benefits that stand in blowing the whistle. These entail the duty owed to the public. The social aspect of honouring and acting in due care is at the core of my decision making process. The risk of the contaminating salmonella is too high should the process of violation continue. The harm to the public could be damaging if this behaviour progresses. The factors that I would consider include: safety to the public at large, the environmental damage and further the cost benefit analysis. I would not sign the quality co ntrol form because the company is in violation of the ethical standards of safety. The root cause of contamination is the hygiene aspect. The protocols laid down have all been violated. The staff wears their uniform at home thereby placing a risk of carrying the bacteria to the production area, the storage of raw peanuts and the roasted peanuts risks contamination and further the

Group Dynamics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Group Dynamics - Term Paper Example But there some who are more hostile and are aggressive about their defense. The best example for this is when Gerry acted superior to coach Boone before he got on the bus for football camp. It is well established that the team member is a subordinate to the coach but Gerry felt the need to protect his comfort zone as the team's star player. Coach Boone, as a reaction to the insult, embarrassed Gerry and reminded him of his place. He could have just given him a simple reminder but instead he asked him "who's your daddy" Of course this was effective, but the main point is that that particular phrase slang among blacks. This was also a reminder for Gerry that he is a subordinate of a black coach. There are multiple reasons for the prejudice against the African American coach and players. One of which would be the norm. This is what the whites were use to. For years, blacks are considered as second class individuals and this cannot be changed overnight. The whites have experienced the life where the blacks would bow down to them and would follow whatever they wanted them to do. To some degree they still think this way and it is irritating them that the black would no longer do as they are told. The next theory is that the blacks have a history of rebellion and violence. They have fought for freedom and by doing so have ignited the assumption of being brute. This too is recent history and is still fresh to the memories of whites. Both the theories for the cause of prejudice stated above have something in common; the memories and experiences of the people. It all hinges in the fact that recent history is very difficult to erase. c. How did the new head coach increase group cohesiveness on the team and reduce the level of conflict between the groups To increase group cohesiveness, the separation should first be dissolved. The new head coach did this by pairing up one black player with one white. They were forced to sit together in the bus and later became room mates in the camp. This was a success in terms of them having to do things together and somehow broke the tension between the racial groups. For some time this was a conducive situation for social interactions; they may be of different races but now they were talking. This was until they found out that they had conflicting interests. The coach found this absurd because they had very similar cultural backgrounds, different but similar. The next step that he did was to force them to make deeper social interactions. Having them talk to each other and discover the similarities that they have. This may seem an effective approach but they just found out that they had less and less commonalities. Finally, one morning to took them out for a run in the woods and showed them the place when the battle of Gettysburg. He told them the story of how many have died for the same battle that they are fighting that time. This was an eye opener for all of them. From then on the team members are more active about establishing good rapport between races. This change is clearly shown in the scene where Gerry and Julius had an argument about their team's tactics. This argument

High School and Local Elementary School Essay Example for Free

High School and Local Elementary School Essay It feels like just yesterday I was in high school, without cares just making my portfolio. Now, it’s been a couple years since college and I’m trying to adjust to married life. It’s been about a year or so since I got hitched. I’m getting ready to have my first child, Winter. I hope to have another in a few years. I currently teach fifth grade in a local elementary school. It’s an okay job, the pay is alright it will get me through my bills, after a few more years I should be getting a raise. I talk to my parents a lot now, they are very important to me. My husband and I are trying to decide how to raise our child. I believe the most important value my parents taught me was to always be polite to people because you never know who is watching. I hope my child grows up learning that. I am very in love with my husband, we met at school and we had an instant connection. Both my grandmother and grandfather have died, it was very tough but time heals all wounds. My husband and I live in a little house but we are looking to relocate to somewhere a little bigger, for the children. We go to the Catholic church every sunday and are very involved in church life. My hope for the future is that I raise my kids to be fabulous people and never give up. The three most important things that have happened since high school would be, graduating college, getting married, and now having my child. What I miss most about the â€Å"good old days† is just being able to horse around without having to care about bills and work. When I die, I hope everyone remembers me as a nice person who tried her best to do well.

Fundamentals of Administration Curriculum and Supervision Essay Example for Free

Fundamentals of Administration Curriculum and Supervision Essay Introduction Administration curriculum and supervision in education developed out of the desire to run schools under laid down skills, rules and guidelines. This was supposed to be carried out by professors and educational practitioners. In the 18thcentury this process was governed by professionally unskilled men from the local community. The administration process in education is comprised of government officials in charge of education that is from the ministry o education, the professors, curriculum developers and designers, heads of schools and the teachers’ staff. The curriculum involves stakeholders in education, professors and teachers. Supervision consists of almost the members in administration with others like inspectors and invigilators. These are charged with the role of monitoring the implementation of programmes in schools. (Doll, W. E. 1993) In this paper am concerned with the fundamentals of administration that is main the main areas of responsibility in administration, challenges that leaders face in education, the curriculum in the American society and the supervision process in education as well as problems encountered in supervision in schools. The three factors are important in the education system because schools are run by programmmes, set of rules and guidelines which can only be done by administrators, curriculum developers and supervisors. Fundamentals of administration Administration is used to mean governance or a body of rules regulations and programmes that guide the running of an organization. In the education context it is the management in schools or educational institutions. This process is very important since it facilitates effectiveness and efficiency in planning and running school programmes. There are several departments in the sector of education and just like any other organization it needs experts in different fields to perform the function of governance. In my opinion the various main areas of responsibility in administration are as follows: The area of selection of content, which can also be referred to as leaning activities. Education in any society is supposed to mould learners to become useful members to the society and develop the culture of that particular society. Therefore administrators have the responsibility to ensure that what is placed in the curriculum is useful and will enable students achieve the objectives and goals of that education system. This is the reason why administrators in education should be professionally equipped with knowledge and skills so as to enable the come up with sensible decisions in education. (Marshall and Oliva2006) Selection and recruitment of personnel in education sector is yet another area that calls for administration. In the modern world unlike in the past, selection of experts to run and play different roles in education is supposed to follow some rules and qualifications of the candidates. The modern world is full of advancements and inventions especially in technology, thus during recruitment some criteria has to be developed by experts already in administration so that competence is maintained throughout in education. The administration plays the responsibility of selecting students to join various levels of education. It does this by setting up standards for students and schools. Selection of resources and materials to meet the needs of students is done by the decision makers which is still the administration from the governmental level down to the school level. It is the decision makers in government who decide the sum of funds to be allocated to the education sector after the budget has been drawn for a state. (Ann, M. 2008) Administration is also concerned with the factor of standards of performance that is the evaluation process. Education can never be complete without measuring the outcome in students the teaching methodologies and the curriculum used, because of this there is need to set up standards in evaluating these programmes. Evaluation brings about improvements, it helps to identify and eliminate unproductive programmes. In students it is for motivational reasons for guidance and counseling as well as grading them. (Marshall and Oliva 2006) Administration is also in involved in the field of certification and employment whereby after completion of a course students graduate to the next higher level or they join the job market. During this time of going to other levels they are given certificates according to their performance and qualifications. The administration is able to certify by checking the standards of summative evaluation especially the examiners, they are also included in the body of administrators. (Perry, M. 2000) Challenges that leaders face in school administration. The quality of administrators and teachers(trainers). These are the professors ,government officials and teachers in schools . The quality is low meaning hat the level of output will be low because they lack skills and competence, This leads to poor performance. It is evident in the field of technology where teachers lack skills in new innovations like the use of digital technology in education system (. Ann, M. 2008). The problem can be responded to by establishment of training centres for administrators and teachers. This will help to prepare them with necessary skills like the information and technology as well as presentation skills. There should encourage workshops seminars and conferences to enable administrators to share ideas on leadership and learn from one another through the interactions. By so doing I feel the administration will notice some improvements in its performance. The issue of low performance is also an obstacle in the education system which leaders face Low performance in the school system is as a result of factors like indiscipline among the learners and the school staff, violent behavior in the school and the low quality of teachers who cannot deliver. In learners indiscipline consist of drug abuse absenteeism from school and so on. While indiscipline administrators, teachers and the other school staff are those who fail to perform their duties alcoholics and lack respect towards their co-worker. This problem can be dealt with through guidance and counseling programmes in schools to rehabilitate especially the drug addict victims. Parent should also be involved in correcting the indiscipline children. I suggest that institutions should also come up with firm rules and regulations concerning indiscipline cases, and then a friendly relationship should be maintained between teachers and students to avoid rebellions in schools because students will feel free to express their feelings. The gap between the advantaged and the disadvantaged is yet another challenge that leaders face in school. This is a barrier in provision of equitable resources in education The well off families are able to provide quality education for their children while the less fortunate lack opportunity to access this education because of lack of resources. This can be solved by measures being put in place to provide education to all regardless of the inequalities in the society and the cultural imperialism. Ann, M. (2008) has explained this issue this means that the government should intervene to provide social justice in the society. Poor leadership and weak management in schools is another big issue of administration in schools. This comes about because of lack of leadership and managerial skills among the people who are given the responsibility to lead and manage schools. Misappropriation and embezzlement of funds and resources is as a result of poor leadership. Due to this the are unnoticeable developments and improvements in schools with weak leadership because the administration misuse funds allocated to schools to meet the learners needs hence performances go drop as the essential needs of students are not provided which affects them negatively. The above problem can be avoided through training leaders in schools to gain leadership and managerial skills to assist them in planning and organizing the programmes in schools and wise budgeting of school basic needs and materials. Leaders should also set up boards to supervise the handling of finance and school resources so that the school administration becomes accountable to the expenditures made this will ensure transparency and accountability in the school management. (Ann, M. 2008) Curriculum in the modern society. Curriculum can be defined as well planned and systematic programmes that enable the process of education to achieve various aims and objectives. Marshall and Oliva (2006). In trying to understand curriculum one needs to have an understanding of these factors. Epistemology where by one has to know what type of knowledge is contained in curriculum and what is to know. The political side of curriculum is who controls selection of knowledge that should be included in the society. Curriculum can be said to be a cultural construction . This is supported by the postmodern theory . The postmodern vision of curriculum research and classroom practices can lead to a just, caring and ecologically sustainable culture In regard to the constructive curriculum Doll (1993) said that â€Å"Being alert to the implications of historical sedimentations in language we use is no destruction. Curriculum can be viewed as a body of knowledge, however this should not make one to take it as syllabus because this perspective tends to take the traditional text book approach as a body of knowledge it makes sense because this makes education to be a process by which knowledge is delivered to learners. People who take curriculum as syllabus are likely to limit themselves in planning content. Curriculum is expected to promote social justice in education. The post modern theory tries to challenge the foundationalism, realism and essentialism that have led to discrimination in respect to race gender and culture because they limit their scope to traditional quantitative beliefs in postmodern theory that will fight gender, cultural and racial discrimination in the modern theory of education. Postmodern argues that it is not easy for a teacher to be called a teacher without being a learner . This is a very important point. Teacchers should be willing to learn from this process of teaching because learning is a life long process. Modern theory assumes that teachers know everything. However there is an argument that learning is a life long process and it will never be complete. (Ann, M. 2008) Supervision in education. It is the process of checking and monitoring the implementation of the curriculum. For example the curriculum developers supervise curriculum implementation and curriculum evaluation. Experts in this section ensure that the curriculum plans, materials and equipment are in good condition. The examination boards supervise administration of exams in schools. They facilitate the setting, moderation and marking as well as the grading of students and the schools. (Sergiovanne, J. 2006). The government is also involved in supervision in education through the ministry of education which takes care and checks maintenance of educational standards in a state. It ensures that all laid down procedures in education are followed and the standards attained. Supervisors in education like any other field need to be trained to acquire necessary skills in supervision. These include skills in setting priorities handling responsibilities communication and other important skills in a profession (Perry, M. 2000) Problems of supervision in schools. The supervision section just like administration they have common challenges which they face since they are both dealing in management of the education system. The major challenge that supervisors face is scarcity of resources and funds to facilitate their functions. There is high demand from the schools for resources to meet the materials and resources required in education especially in trying to provide for the disadvantaged population. This constraint gives supervisors hard time in dealing with the available resources. The gap in the society of poor and rich ,the social injustices are also challenges facing supervisors as well as misappropriation of funds by the authority to schools and lack of skills by some personnel which means poor performances in that field and interference from the government officials. ( Sergiovanne, J. 2006) Conclusion The education system is organized into various programmes and for this process to achieve a success it has to be run by experts in different sections, these administer and supervise the process while the content or learning activities carried out in schools are what we refer to as the curriculum. References Perry, M. (2000) Walking the Line: The Art and Practice of Anti-Racism Teaching for Social Justice. New York: Amazon. Sergiovanne, J. T. (2006). Supervision: A Redifination. New York: Amazon. Doll, W. E. (1993). A post-modern perspective on curriculum. New York: Teachers College Press. Ann, M. D. (2008) Sustainability: a leadership issue. Retrieved on 6th June, 2008 from http://www. sustainabilityaleadershipissue. blogspot. com Marshall, C. Oliva, M. (2006). Leadership for Social Justice: Making Revolutions in Education. New York: Pearson Books.

A Swot Analysis Of Barclays Bank Finance Essay

A Swot Analysis Of Barclays Bank Finance Essay The global landscape of business had always been faced with inevitable and unpredictable circumstances which has always been challenging for them once they are confronted. Financial institutions, for instance, have been rattled by the global economic downturn which has affected businesses in the recent years. To be bale to alleviate the effect of such circumstances, it is a common practice among businesses to execute measures and practices which are directed towards improving their performance amidst the tragedies in the economic status. One of the many ways in which they can do so is through a SWOT analysis which speaks of evaluation of the organizations strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. This analysis enables businesses to capitalize on the aspects in which they are strong at and to improve on aspect in which they deem as needing improvement. Barclays Bank is one of the numerous financial or banking institutions in the United Kingdom, which over the years, through their unwavering strategies and efforts, has also conquered the global landscape through its business expansion. In their recent year of operation, the bank is regarded as a global financial services provider, engaging in businesses which deals with retail and commercial banking, credit cards, investment banking, wealth management, and investment management services which extends its operation not only in the United Kingdom but all over the world as well. This international expansion can be traced as early as after the First World War in which the bank has expanded its operation to cater to the needs of other regions such as Africa, The Caribbean, the Near East, and the Mediterranean. The regions which were originally selected for expansion of the financial institution were countries with political links to the United Kingdom (Coulbeck, 1984). In the present, ho wever, the business has continued its expansion on its quest to serve more markets and to establish a global presence. At present, rattled by the various economic troubles and the unpredictable future, Barclays is in continued operation with much focus and attention dedicated towards better serving the public and towards the sustainability of their business through responsible financing and business operation (Barclays, 2010). In this study the researcher will be formulating a SWOT strategy analysis for Barclays Bank to provide a more intensive analysis and evaluation of the banks operation. The analysis of a companys strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, is the starting point of strategy formulation as it provides a thorough evaluation and analysis of the business strengths and weaknesses which are actually internal to their operation and the opportunities and threats which can be further analyzed by looking at the external environment. The results of this analysis can be used at the maximum by exploiting the strengths and opportunities of the organization while neutralizing the threats and deliberately avoiding the weaknesses (Griffin, 2008). STRENGHTS OF BARCLAYS The strength of a company gives the business it competitive edge over other players in the same industry of even among indirect players which can still be classified as participants in the competition. These strengths could include their special capability, resources, or skills which set them apart of the competition like their market dominance and a pleasant financial performance which is set to make them perform better in the following years of operation (Stapleton Thomas, 1998). One of the strengths which can be attributed to the operation of Barclays Bank is its worldwide presence. The international expansion of this financial institution has enabled the business to tap more market and more territories which gave them the advantages of enjoying the economies of scale and it let them enjoyed the benefit of allowing risks to be spread among its numerous bank locations. Their presence in different locations among different countries increases the potential of the business as they become more known in the field of finance and banking industry. The bank has a huge global presence across regions like Europe, South America, North America, Africa and Asia serving almost 50 million clients (BankAdvisor, n.d.) 2007 2008 2009 2007 2008 2009 The two charts which were presented above show another strengths reaped by the bank in the past year. The first chart shows a comparative three year analysis of economic profit which is deemed as one essential key performance indicator of the business. This refers to the firms profit after tax and other non-controlling interests less capital charges. The higher economic profit of Barclays this year as compared to the previous year is indicative of its good performance as such reflects a growth in the banks profit and reflects their efficient use of capital. This strength of Barclays necessitates that the company is doing good in terms of being able to generate economic revenue which is also reflective of good financial performance in the previous year. This goes to show that the company is performing well amidst economic difficulties. Furthermore, the second graph shows the profit before tax of the bank. The chart shows that their profit this year is significantly higher compared to the previous year, another indicator if the companys strength despite the major challenges in the global economic situation particularly affecting international financial institutions. The total profit before tax is one of the most essential profitability measures which can be used to assess and evaluate the performance of a particular company in a given year. It is used as a key indicator of the financial performance which most investors gauge in order to determine how successful a business performed in the past year. The financial data of Barclays, based on their Annual Company Report, reflects an almost doubled profit before tax compared to the previous year. This is another strength which can be considered for the company and such can be able to attract more investments because of the relatively good business in the past year. WEAKNESSES OF BARCLAYS Aside from the strengths of Barclays Bank which were enumerated above, it is also important that we take a look at its corresponding weaknesses. The weaknesses of a business the weaknesses of a business illustrates the areas in which they have not shown exemplary performance and the areas in which they did not show desired or anticipated results. These weaknesses can refere to the traits in which they need improvement. Once carefully identified and stipulated, their weaknesses can help them formulate better strategies and practices so that they can be assured of a better performance. One of the weaknesses of Barclays is its control systems. Because of their deemed defective and inefficient control systems, they were fined in September of last year. This can be classified as their weakness because this tarnished the name in the industry of financial institutions and caused them to have a bad reputation in the eyes of the public. They were fined because of their failure to provide daily data regarding bank transactions which will be used by the government to be able to track and investigate suspected abuse in the trading and also cases of manipulation in the market. This tougher banking regulation has also affected some of the major banks in Europe. Unfortunately, it costs Barclays a lot as they paid a fine amounting to 2.45 million pounds because of this violation on the government laws. The fine would have been bigger if in case they did not cooperate earlier to be able to settle the case (Olson, 2009). 2008 2009 The chart which was illustrated above shows another weakness of the performance of Barclays based on its performance in the previous year. The chart shows the comparative analysis on the number of Barclayard users or customers for the past two years. Barclayard is an international credit card that is multi branded. It is one of the leading credit card businesses in Europe with a relatively growing market in America and other parts of the world as well. The number of customers handling the aforementioned credit card was brought to an entire almost two million customers low this year. This can be attributed to the fact that because of the financial and global economic crisis which hit the world in the previous years, fewer customers are interested on credit purchases because of the uncertainty of their respective financial situations. This can be regarded as a weakness for Barclays because this only illustrates that although other parts of the business is earning, this particular secto r of the business is beginning to lose its customer base which might actually worsen in the next years and can inevitably result into decreased profits. Aside from what has been mentioned, another factor which can be regarded as the weakness of Barclays is that it gives out large amount of bonuses to the members of the Board of Directors. Such practice has gained numerous comments and criticisms from different groups in the past. If such practice will continue, it will haunt them in their operation and will cause more eyes to be focused on them and can even reveal further problems and weaknesses which are inherent in the operation of the business. OPPORTUNITIES FOR BARCLAYS The opportunities which confront the operation of international businesses is another factor which should be evaluated when analyzing the performance of a specific company. These opportunities can open new door for the business, can be basis for expansion or extension of operation, and can give way to opening of new businesses and catering to more markets which were not served before. One of the opportunities for Barclays is the increasing importance of the role which is played by the banks in the society nowadays (Varley, 2009). Despite the numerous disadvantages which were brought about by the financial and global economic crisis, the role of the banks in the society did not weaken; rather it experienced increased importance especially in its ability to provide reliable and efficient payment systems, safe storage for savings and deposit, maturity transformation, management of asset and other investments. This increasing importance of banks amidst financial turmoil provides the indu stry greater opportunities to open its doors into new businesses and ventures which can bring them generous amount of profit and will let them enjoy sustainable competitive advantage in the long run. 2007 2008 2009 2007 2008 2009 The two charts which were presented above also shows areas of opportunity for Barclays Bank. The first one shows the levels of customer satisfaction. in the past years, the level of satisfaction was only 67% versus this years 72%. It is shown that there is a significant increase which means that there is a relatively larger number of customers this year who felt that there is an improvement in the quality of service provided by the bank. This can be classified as an opportunity because this can lead to more strategies focused on the customers and services which could better satisfy their needs. This can also serve as an indicator of more expansion in the line of services they provide since more people are happier with the output and quality of their service provision. The heightened percentage in the level of customer satisfaction can help the business realize more opportunities which are people-related and it can also provide them with the opportunity to develop only better services to be assured of higher satisfaction ratings in the years to come. Furthermore, the second chart shows the amount of income generated internationally. This reflects revenue which was generated from their banks and other forms of businesses outside the United Kingdom. For the year 2008, their international income reached a percentage of 47, and it increased to 57% this year, this goes to show that there is more profit this year generated from international operation as compared to the previous year. This international diversification of the organizations income will provide them with an opportunity to lower the occurrence of risk as they are displaced on a number of locations. The increase in the percentage of income generated from international operation can also provide them with the opportunity to put up more locations in other countries and opportunity to improve service in other countries since these branches are bringing them more revenue year after year. THREATS FOR BARCLAYS The threats which confront any business are as timeless and inevitable as what have been previously discussed. These threats can extend from internal to external and from mild to complex. Companies must be ready once they are confronted with these threats to be bale to sustain and survive in the ever competitive world of business. Threat should be managed carefully to be able to outplay the competition and overcome the struggles which were brought about by such challenges. 2007 2008 2009 The chart which was presented above shows one of the threats confronting the operation of Barclays. It must be noted that in the opportunities section, the rseracher included the increase in income generated from international expansion as a remarkable opportunity because there is a significant increase in the income from the said section of the business. However, needles to say, the increase in income does not always equate to satisfactory international performance. The chart above shows that almost 100 branches outside the United Kingdom closed as compared to the number of branches in the previous year. The closure of these branches is attributed to the fact that they can be bypassed in terms pof performance of some banking transactions which does not need an actual banking operation to take effect. However, the closure of such branches also poses a serious threat to the business because it only means that there is a reduction in the number of locations in which people can transact actual and physically. Because they have reduced the number of their merchant locations, clients may then be prompted to explore the options they are confronted and might actually opt for other banking service provider. Another threat to the operation of Barclays bank would be the increased competition among financial institutions not only in the United Kingdom, but in the international market as well. Although the world has been confronted with financial and economic crunches, the role of banks in the society and in the lives of the people has continued to increase overtime as its function also increased significantly. With that, if there is a relatively low rate of new entrants, it cannot be denied that those who jhave already been in the top are perpetually increasing their efforts to tap more markets globally. Their efforts and strategies are unwavering towards provision of better public service which in turn can give the customers a sense of satisfaction. Because of these efforts and strategies, competition has been more stringent as they utilize more marketing tools which are helping them in their operations. This increased and tightened competition can prove to be unhealthy especially if the efforts of Barclays are not directed towards strategies to survive the competitive playground. Another threat to the operation of Barclays could be the fact that the company has been reputed for closing too many branches in the past, specifically in the year 2000. Such act can lower their competitive position and can create and imagery without credibility and assurance in terms of their operation. The closure of these branches could actually mean weak financial performance thereby threatening both the investors and its array of potential clients. CONCLUSION The global financial and banking industry is not exempted from the economic and financial turmoil which confronts international businesses. In fact, these financial institutions can even feel the greater effect of the predicament as they are concerned with how the world turns around financially. However, a careful analysis of the financial institutions strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats can be of help to be able to formulate better strategies and in order to eliminate practices which are not showing efficiency in their global operations. A careful analysis of such could be able to help them determine and improve their position with regards to competition. The analysis on Barclays shows that they are still in a stable competitive position despite the predicaments which confront their operation. They have a stable financial and management base which enables them to manage the adversaries which are perpetually striking the global businesses.

Witches, Supernatural, and Evil in Shakespeares Macbeth :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

The Witches and  Evil in Macbeth    No discussion of evil in Shakespeare’s play Macbeth would be satisfactory without considering its’ most famous symbols of evil: the coven of witches whose interactions with Macbeth play such a vital role in his thinking about his own life. Banquo and Macbeth recognize them as something supernatural, part of the landscape but not fully human inhabitants of it. They have malicious intentions and prophetic powers. And yet they are not active agents in the sense that they do nothing other than talk and offer visions and potions. The witches have no power to compel. If we are to explore the significance of these witches we must do so by treating them as vital poetic symbols in the play, essential manifestations of the moral atmosphere of Macbeth's world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The most obvious interpretation of the witches is to see them as manifestations of evil in the world. They exist to tempt and torment people, to challenge their faith in themselves and their society. They work on Macbeth by equivocation, that is, by ambiguous promises of some future state. These promises come true, but not in the way that the victim originally believed. The witches thus make their appeal to Macbeth's and Banquo's desire to control their own future, to direct it towards some desirable ends. They have no power to compel belief, but they can obviously appeal strongly to an already existing inclination to force one's will onto events in order to shape the future to fit one deepest desires.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Banquo's importance in the play stems, in large part, from his different response to these witches. Like Macbeth, he is strongly tempted, but he does not let his desires outweigh his moral caution: But 'tis strange, And oftentimes to win us to our harm The instruments of darkness tell us truths, Win us with honest trifles to betray's In deepest consequence. (1.3.120-124)    Macbeth cannot act on this awareness because his desires (kept alive by his active imagination and his wife's urging) constantly intrude upon his moral sensibilities. Hence, he seizes upon the news that he has just been made Thane of Cawdor, using that information to tell him what he most wants to believe, that the witches tell the truth. This supernatural soliciting Cannot be ill, cannot be good. If ill, Why hath it given me earnest of success

Reflections On The Things They Essay examples -- essays research paper

Reflections on "The Things They Carried" Analyzing the story’s craftsmanship Tim O’Brien wrote a story that is known as "The Things They Carried." It is a carefully crafted, detailed account of a Lieutenant and his men, the time period being right in the middle of the Vietnam war. In most war stories the author spends most of his or her time describing actions and events to the reader, trying to really put the reader "right there" in the middle of everything that is happening. However, O’Brien drifts away from that trend here, hardly describing any events of importance to any one but me sign. Rather, he focuses on the thoughts of the soldiers, the inner feelings, small personal day dreams and strange things that really describe the men. Being out in the wilderness, far from home or anything they recognize, these men must deal with the mental and physical stresses of war, when they jion the army I see it as signing away there souls they are then asked to murder people over st upid issues. Here is where O’Brien starts up his literary art form. One thing that was interesting to mention is that I noticed when reading the story is the fact that the story is written in third person. The narrator is not actually in the story, merely telling us of the events, and yet we still get to see inside Lt. Cross’s mind to more accurately picture his feelings. The narrator also, although letting us see the innermo...

Baddeley and Hitch’s Working Memory Model Essay -- Neurology Memory

This essay addresses the working memory model which was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974 in Smith & Kosslyn, 2007) as a response to Atkinson and Shiffrins (1968 in Smith, 2007) multi-store model. According to Baddely and Hitch the multi-store model failed to explain most of the complexities of the human memory and viewed it as being too simplistic. They argued that the short term memory store must have more components rather it being a single inflexible store as suggested previously by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968). The working memory model is therefore an enhancement of the multi store model. According to Baddeley and Hitch working memory is a limited- capacity system that stores and processes information. According to Baddeley and Hitch (1974) what constitutes as working memory can be divided into four distinct components which contribute to the processes of memory. They are the phonological loop, the visual spatial sketchpad, the episodic buffer and the central executive (in Passer, Smith, Holt, Bremner, Vliek, 2009). The primary role of the phonological loop is to store mental representations of auditory information (in Passer, 2009). It has limited capacity and holds information in a speech based form. It is further subdivided into two more components; the articulatory rehearsal system which has a limited capacity of 2 seconds and rehearses information verbally and is linked to speech production and the phonological store which temporarily holds speech based information (in Smith, 2007) Evidence for the existence of the phonological loop comes from Baddeley (1966 in Passer, 2009) They examined the word length effect in which they presented participants with visual presentations of word lists and asked them to write t... ...however issues such as reliability, validity and bias occur when studying brain damaged patients therefore is not always a valid way of studying working memory (in Smith, 2007). In conclusion, Baddeley and Hitch (1974) developed the working memory in response to the multi store model and introduced four mechanisms involved; the phonological loop, visual-spaital sketchpad, episodic buffer and the central executive. The four components are also largely supported by a good wealth of evidence (in Smith, 2007). References Parkin, A. J., (1993). Memory Phenomena , experiment and theory. Blackwell. USA. Passer, M., Smith, R., Holt, N., Bremner, A., Sutherland, E., & Vliek, M. (2009). Psychology; Science of Mind and Behaviour. (European Edition). New York. Smith, E.E., and Kosslyn, S.M. (2007). Cognitive Psychology, Mind and Brain. Massachusetts, US:Pearson Baddeley and Hitch’s Working Memory Model Essay -- Neurology Memory This essay addresses the working memory model which was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch (1974 in Smith & Kosslyn, 2007) as a response to Atkinson and Shiffrins (1968 in Smith, 2007) multi-store model. According to Baddely and Hitch the multi-store model failed to explain most of the complexities of the human memory and viewed it as being too simplistic. They argued that the short term memory store must have more components rather it being a single inflexible store as suggested previously by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968). The working memory model is therefore an enhancement of the multi store model. According to Baddeley and Hitch working memory is a limited- capacity system that stores and processes information. According to Baddeley and Hitch (1974) what constitutes as working memory can be divided into four distinct components which contribute to the processes of memory. They are the phonological loop, the visual spatial sketchpad, the episodic buffer and the central executive (in Passer, Smith, Holt, Bremner, Vliek, 2009). The primary role of the phonological loop is to store mental representations of auditory information (in Passer, 2009). It has limited capacity and holds information in a speech based form. It is further subdivided into two more components; the articulatory rehearsal system which has a limited capacity of 2 seconds and rehearses information verbally and is linked to speech production and the phonological store which temporarily holds speech based information (in Smith, 2007) Evidence for the existence of the phonological loop comes from Baddeley (1966 in Passer, 2009) They examined the word length effect in which they presented participants with visual presentations of word lists and asked them to write t... ...however issues such as reliability, validity and bias occur when studying brain damaged patients therefore is not always a valid way of studying working memory (in Smith, 2007). In conclusion, Baddeley and Hitch (1974) developed the working memory in response to the multi store model and introduced four mechanisms involved; the phonological loop, visual-spaital sketchpad, episodic buffer and the central executive. The four components are also largely supported by a good wealth of evidence (in Smith, 2007). References Parkin, A. J., (1993). Memory Phenomena , experiment and theory. Blackwell. USA. Passer, M., Smith, R., Holt, N., Bremner, A., Sutherland, E., & Vliek, M. (2009). Psychology; Science of Mind and Behaviour. (European Edition). New York. Smith, E.E., and Kosslyn, S.M. (2007). Cognitive Psychology, Mind and Brain. Massachusetts, US:Pearson

A Persuasive Essay on Underage Drinking

Because underage drinking is related to easy access to alcohol, an alcohol-related problem associated exclusively with young people is that of underage drinking in licensed premises. Young people may enter bars, subject to the licensee’s permission, once they are 18 years of age in England, Scotland and Wales.The corresponding age in the United States is 21. Survey findings show that between 10 and 20 per cent of 13 year olds report that their usual location for drinking is in a public bar, club or disco. The proportion drinking in these establishments rises steadily with age, until at 17 years of age, between 50 and 90 per cent of young people choose licensed places in which to conduct their drinking (Wagenaar and Wolfson 1994).This paper argues that there is need in the determination of the extent to which raising the minimum drinking age results in reduction in use and problems among young adults.Policies to restrict the minimum drinking age at which licensed sales to under age youth are permitted are intended to restrict youth access to alcohol and prevent the early onset and rapid development of drinking problems among youth and young adults. It is of some interest in this regard to also determine the effects of lower minimum drinking ages on alcohol problems.There is now a strong and consistent body of knowledge in relation to the impact of drinking age laws for public drinking and making legal purchases of alcohol. This was influential in assisting community advocacy groups to push successfully for the drinking age to be raised to 21 in many US States, following experiences with earlier periods of relaxation (Wagenaar and Wolfson 1994).These drinking age laws stand as the highest in the world, being shared with Malaysia, South Korea and Ukraine. Most countries for which information is available have 18 as the legal drinking age and a handful of European countries have adopted 16 (Austria, Belgium, France, Italy and Spain).There is persuasive eviden ce that changes to the minimum legal drinking age directly result in corresponding changes in levels of a variety of problems relating to alcohol intoxication, including road traffic fatalities, juvenile crime, serious assault and drunkenness convictions for the affected age groups (Yu 1998).The US General Accounting Office (1987) conducted a systematic review of this topic and, on the basis of 14 studies judged to be methodologically sound, estimated reductions in fatal road crashes among young drivers to be 5–28%. In one study of changes in drinking age laws across four Australian states, reductions were significantly associated with increases in assaults.Following the drop in drinking age from 21 to 18 in Western Australia in 1970, rates of serious assault increased by 231% for juveniles in comparison with Queensland (O'malley and Wagenaar 1991).

Native North Americans: Journal Entry of a Subordinate Group

One often wonders where the subjective North Americans originated from. Some theories accommodate been discussed active the peopling of the Americas. Early theories involving mixed-up tribes and continents were based rigorously on speculation instead of certain scientific facts. Discoveries made during m almost(prenominal) archeologic expeditions take over helped shape the al focussings ever-changing interpretations by adding more questions and more theories. at that place have been genetic and linguistic studies which brocaded more understanding and brought raw questions.It is theorized that during the last mentioned part of the Cenozoic era, also cognize as the age of mammals that the Wisconsin glaciation caused enough of the satellites water supply to bring out into ice. This lowered the oceans and exposed at present sink reason. This event created a stretch of convey that the large mammals of the Ice Age era, along with the natives of that era, could very well have migrated across the newly create land span, which now connected two continents. This land bridge is know as the Bering Strait, or Beringia.During the conviction that Beringia existed, the Wisconsin glaciers most likely prohibited migration to any southern or eastern theatrical roles. another(prenominal) theory suggests that the early natives may have inhabited the now Alaskan region because it was ice-free overdue to low precipitation. several(prenominal) melts over a period of season created passageways, and evidence from archeological site implies that there was an ice-free corridor for thousands of historic period. It was during another melt close to ten thousand years ago, that a second corridor was most likely formed farther east along the borders of Saskatchewan and Canada plains.This points to the hatchway that the ancient community could have travelled eastward along the rivers in the spectacular Plains, and down encourage south. The Indians cognise to b ill as the Sioux are also know as Lakota, Dakota, and Nakota, meaning allies. This is my heritage. I am a member of the largest division of Siouan family, otherwise known as Sioux. The defecate is from a term given to the largest and well- known of the tribal groups. At one time, my tidy sum stretched from the west banks of the Mississippi northward from argon and the Rocky Mountains.The Dakotas also inhabited rule east of the river up to Wisconsin and Missouri. They were here to go by DeSoto on his journey in 1541, when he reached the Indian villages in what is now eastern Arkansas. Another hundred years passed before any mention of Sioux existing, when in 1658 some Jesuit missionaries heard of the existence of virtually thirty Dakota villages just north of a Potawatomi mission. This was located at about the gaffer of Green Bay, Wisconsin, in St. Michael.It was during the middle 1600s when the Sioux, along with the Arapaho and Cheyenne had to migrate progress westward towar ds the nifty Plains to what is known as North Dakota, Minnesota, and South Dakota. This migration was mainly due to the O jibwa and Chippewa tribes pushing them out of the Great Lakes region. The Ojibwa and Chippewa had been pushed out of their own land that had been further east, by the European settlers of that time. In 1805 Lewis and Clark passed by the center of this region and made clutch with the Sioux tribes.After this took place, several more expeditions brought traders that colonised among the tribes, and in the course of some time, changeless settlers arrived. This made the area so underage that eventually the quite a little of my tribe were labored to live in Indian Territories or confined to Nebraska, the Dakotas, or Montana. This brought on a series of raids and counter raids that lasted from roughly 1850 through 1890 and were known as the Sioux Wars. In the stolon years of the twentieth century, the Dakotas also known as Tetons began the process of fiting to their new way of life.They still had strong faith in their own traditions, but realized that the sexagenarian way was gone forever. Numerous changes with the parsimony and politics were forced on my people by the government. The people strived to establish a life for themselves that used both new changes, but still remained true to their determine and beliefs. During the rest of the twentieth century, all of the reservations for the Dakotas, Lakotas, and Tetons lost more land due to self-possession passes and inheritances.Division between rural dwellers and people who live in town have grown bigger. Rural residents tend to go forward their use of native language, and be tortuous in cultural events, when townspeople adapt other aspects of the American culture. Most of the Sioux body politic and other groups of American Indians live in South Dakota, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and North Dakota at present time on privatized land created by the government many years ago. Wendy Coghill

Ranbaxy Case Project Essay

Eli Lilly Ranbaxy is an example of a joint venture that was pursued keyword with the right strategy, which was a result due to a changing US pharmaceutical market and a rapidly expanding ancient India market. The two companies in this IJV were both significant players within their home countries, Eli Lilly and Company in the US and Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited extract from India. When the possibility of establishing a joint venture was approached in 1992, the Indian market for other pharmaceuticals was becoming more open to foreign direct investment.Also India at the time was putting a lower limit on the amount of foreign ownership, from 40 percent to 51 percent, creating less foreign competition in the region.If much everything is functioning smoothly, continue with the plan but you always have the choice to change different elements up to suit the requirements of your organization if there are roadblocks on the way.The evolution of the kidney international joint venture was str ategically handled with early success, starting off with the name of the company, aged Eli Lilly Ranbaxy; it was strategically named for future success within the region. Mascarenhas stated, â€Å"The same reason for this was based on my earlier experience in India, where ‘good quality’ rightly or wrongly, was associated start with foreign imported goods.Eli Lilly Ranbaxy sounded foreign enough! † With Ranbaxy being the largest manufacturer of bulk pharmaceuticals in India, and with a domestic market share of 15 percent, they provided the knowledge needed for the local domestic market and helped establish a name in the region for Lilly. Mascarenhas and Gulati had a public good working and personal relationship; they had good interdependent communication, which was a crucial factor in the JV implementation and because Ranbaxy provided Eli Lilly with easy entrance and networks to the young Indian market.Eden Project isnt just a favorite tourist attraction, its a so cial enterprise that intends to inspire private individuals to go on a journey of discovery about the type of society we wish to live (Eden Project, 2011).

The first joint venture provided product and marketing strategies, in which they employed successful corporate social responsibility of providing the physicians start with relevant medical information Ranbaxy and Lilly were two companies that were successful in establishing a joint new venture because they had a lot of the same common values. They both had high ethical standards, when presenting how their products to doctors within the market; they would answer all questions correctly and to the best of preventing their knowledge.Since their products were not known within the local market, Eli Lilly used a strong sense of honesty called the â€Å"Red little book values†, with local doctors and began to gain their respect and trust. young Andrew Mascarenhas, from Eli Lilly and Company was the first successful managing director good for the joint venture.Strategic human resources ensures sufficient staffing to satisfy your organization objectives, matching the appropriate many individuals with the skills in the acceptable time.Mascarenhas and his team had to strategize on how to popular appeal to a wider range of employees through future opportunities amongst the company. Eli Lilly Ranbaxy invested in a military training program. The program was created for the employees to hold strong values for the positions they were hired unlooked for and the positions were customized to Indian standards.Mascarenhas brought Eli Lilly’s values to the joint venture; he what was instrumental in the training program and made sure those values were shared.The moment the author is appointed, they begin working on your introductory essay in line.

Aided by his knowledge in marketing, the JV saw an improved rapid growth in sales.Rajiv Gulati was shortly promoted after Chris Shaw. Already having history with the joint venture Gulati how was initially the director of marketing and sales. He saw his time as the director an opportunity for growth, which was achieved by implementing medical and regulatory units which helped the company exceed the average economic growth rate in the Indian pharmaceutical industry.Supply forecasting determines the resources accessible to satisfy the demands.The initial start up of the temporomandibular joint venture was faced with constant challenges, many in the form of government regulations great but because of the functional working relationships between Mascarenhas and Gulati, the JV reached their break-even point in 1996 wired and soon realized profitability. With the growth of the pharmaceutical market the company also went through significant changes to keep up with innovations.New manag ers were introduced during the course of these changes and launched multiple new successful units, which saw a steady annual economic growth rate of 8 percent. The joint venture also became the world’s 12th leading pharmaceutical supplier in last over 150 countries by 2001, and continuously developed new drugs through extensive research and development.It is a instrument to develop business strategies unlooked for businesses that are existing as well as for start-up companies.

When they learned the patent general laws changed in India, it encouraged them to establish a joint venture there. The experience brought about by the new international joint venture helped both companies enhance its overall market line and its great potential of innovation and discovery.Eli Lilly and Company gained experience in the market perspective of Asian many countries while establishing India as their hub. Also they gained significant experience in how to introduce preventing their products within a market where they were not commonly known.Normally, an international joint venture is a company thats owned by some companies of distinct nationalities.The main reason for the they separation, is that each company started to focus on different objectives when the industry started to grow, Ranbaxy focusing on generics and Lilly focusing on research and development. To implement this action Eli Lilly would have to buy out Ranbaxy’s financial stake within the company.Wit h Indian regulations favoring towards a more foreign owned market, this strategy would allow Eli Lilly total ownership logical and control over their present and future products specifically because of enhanced patent protection for the medico pharmaceutical industry. Though this is action could lead to potential profits in research and further development for Lilly, the implications of these actions could come with potential losses, not factoring in the high cost of the buyout.With the rise of the pharmaceutical marketplace it also went through important changes to keep up with inventions.

With your prior skills inventory, you will learn which employees in your big business are readily available to fulfill your demand.Workers that are employed in the insurance industry might have to take a test whether insurance is your suitable career choice for them to find out.Risks start with instant consequences ought to be addressed on a priority basis to prevent any harm.Finally, though it is a simple mere fact that globalization plays a important part in spreading the impacts of the global financial crisis on the opposite side of the Earth, it is likewise true that after measures were taken to halt the catastrophe from accelerating, the worldwide economy hauled back letter from the verge.

Cloth vs Diapers

textile Vs usable table napkins.. Whats scoop up? entry serviettes rush been apply by humans throughout history. But, the word of honor napkin did non in the beginning nurture to its practise. Instead, the bound principally referred to a fiber of material with a build of excellent retell geometricalal shapes. The outgrowth napkins were do of a circumscribed fount of voiced textile gash in geometric shapes. The rule of creating geometric shapes in framework was called napkining, except right off it at long last gave the cook of the fabric apply in qualification nappys thotocks in 1590s in England. serviette is utilise on churlren who atomic subroutine 18 non just pile educate to anticipate bed- nonsensicalting and to go forward babies hide light-colored and dry. magic spell it was so geniusr do of material material, several(prenominal) variations and improvements were make on the table napkin chairing in the macrocosm of utilizeable table napkin. different stuff nappys which so-and-so be piddle-washed and re employ fivef gray-headed measure, apply of goods and servingsable table napkins ar impel by aft(prenominal) single-valued function (Leverich). The pass with flying colors of the liquid napkin fabrication suggests that it is more than(prenominal) favourite(a) by p bents that its stuff counterpart. P atomic shape 18nts claim what they sound off is outmatch for their do by. Hence, speckle the use of available serviette has do a trend, it in reality has a government issue of disadvantages that may command p atomic fleck 18nts to re press development stuff napkins.Health and protect genius of the chief(prenominal) formers of victimization napkins is to yield powderpuff for the plunder by retention their flake off dry, respectable and submit from flushes. expand tautness irritates the plunders scratch up and showcase wisees. mat erial serviette is make from non-absorbent materials and indeed it requires prevalent serviette changes in assign to save the do bys p be dry. stalk table napkin changes post be avoided when employ liquid napkin since it consists of a superabsorbent pump called atomic number 11 polyacrylate that is open(a) of gripping water up to atomic number 6 ages its encumbrance (OMara, 2003).Since useable napkins gives a signified of waterlessness in time later on a hardly a(prenominal) wettings, pargonnts backside quit the fluid serviettes on for hours. plot of land expendable table napkin is more accessible for the p bents, studies break up shown that it deal front a number of wellness problems to babies. A paper make in the journal of pediatric medicine account that 54 part of unitary-month old babies development spendable serviettes unquestionable rashes, piece 16 portion substantial staring(a) rashes. another(prenominal) remove wit hal suggests that spendable serviette change magnitude the incidence of serviette rash from 7. part to 61 percent. table napkin rash occurs with available diapers be own nonetheless if it lavatory adhesive friction openhanded quantities of piss, the approximately wet materials that are against tikes sputter for hours good deal cause rashes (The smart Parents admit, 2012). more thanover, usable diaper is well-sealed and and then pr til nowts tight-laced circulation of air. It in any case traps the bacteria and ammonia water that is produced when bacteria breaks take down urine (OMara, 2003). It is bare that in monetary value of wellness and entertain, framework diaper offers more comfort and helps handgrip the mishandles pelt healthy. ConvenienceParents favor for usable diapers primarily for convenience. First, spendable diapers are thrown and twisted by and by use. Second, expendable diapers comes in cheerful fasten and tangle closures that l ay aside it hard secure and well-fitted. round diaper lines too allow in wetness indi set upt that tells the parents when it is time to change. Indeed, versus the handed-down stuff diaper, liquid diaper is more agreeable. However, framework diapers suffer evolved as well. deceased were the eld when stuff diapers are buttoned by sentry duty pins that could hazardously dump the cockers discase.Modern fabric diapers are as commodious as its fluid counterpart. well-nigh stuff diapers are now hold back with velcro fasteners and round are fitted like to usable diapers, which makes diaper changes pleasant and liberal (Leverich). However, patronage the innovations of framework diaper, spendable diaper is hush up more convenient in particular during travels wherein contaminating diapers heap just be thrown and do not get to be carried on for washing (The bleak Parents pass, 2012). beCost is one of the factors that parents consider in choosing a diaper. Compared to useable diaper, material diaper is more stinting since it fuel be utilize again and again. useable diaper arouse address as much as 32 cents per use compared to material diaper which lonesome(prenominal) cost 5 cents per use. lavation the diapers yourself or even when using a wash drawing service leave alone understood result in meaningful savings (OMara, 2003). Moreover, the material diapers can be unplowed to be apply as old diaper for prox babies. surroundings ImpactThe environsal meet of liquid diapers is one of the in-chief(postnominal) reasons why parents should use cloth diapers. composition it could be argued that both pillow slips of diapers take for the alike environmental strike because of the processes compulsory to make clean the modify cloth diapers, expendable diapers confirm greater environmental impact. Considering the number of spendable diapers use and discarded each day, and the number of diapers that could be ut ilize by a wiz child from stomach until toilet-trained, useable diapers is indeed a square solid state chase away problem.Aside from universe a weight down in landfill sites, m usable diapers are manufacture with woods flesh, which message that millions of trees are clip for its production. frame of pulp and plastics used in fluid diapers excessively use nephrotoxic chemicals much(prenominal) as dioxins (OMara, 2003). culmination Parents scarcely necessity the high hat for their fumble, including the type of diaper to use. The main role of a diaper is to go for the despoils skin from wetness and forbear it healthy. The index of useable diaper to hold wetness long-dated is the in truth reason why parents opt for this type.It seems that parents take on expendable diaper in the first place for convenience, but run to sack the latent unseemly impacts of expendable diapers on their babies. usable diaper allows long-range tactile sensation amid the b abys skin and slenderly wet materials may lead to rashes. The well-sealed disposable diaper is withal an jaundiced environment as it promotes carriage of bacteria. While the superlative extend to for parents is their babys health and not the environment, parents should be aware of the untoward impacts disposable diapers have on the environment. References Leverich, L. cloth Diapers. Donald C. Cooper. OMara, P. (2003). Mothering magazine publishers Having a Baby, course The Mothering Magazine Guide to motherliness and Childbirth. Simon and Schuster. The saucily Parents Guide (2012). Diapers, Diapers More Diapers cloth vs. fluid. Retrieved rarefied 8, 2012, from http//www. thenewparentsguide. com/diapers. htm. Gentry, Pamela. (2010, January 23). cloth Diapers Vs useable Diapers. Retrieved July, 29 2012, from http//www. livestrong. com/ phrase/75705-cloth-diapers-vs. -disposable- diapers. Lehrburger, C. , J. Mullen and C. V.Jones. 1991. Diapers environmental Impacts an d Lifecycle Analysis. Philadelphia, PA promulgate to the study tie-in of Diaper function (NADS). Stone, Janis and Sternweis, Laura. Consumer plectrum Diaper Dilemma. Iowa situate University University Extension. ID. 1401. 1994. Retrieved tremendous 10, 2012, from http//www. rockwellcollins. com/ daycare/pdf/pm1401. pdf Scott, Juila. (2011. October 3). Cloth vs. spendable Diapers A Cost Comparison. Retrieved July, 16 2012, from http//www. mint. com/ intercommunicate/consumer-iq/cloth-vs-disposable-diapers- a-cost-comparison-102011.

Ethics Program for Nonprofit Management Consulting Services Essay

Our clients be placing a highschool train of imprecate in us and we moldiness nonice that consignment by ensuring no private study is disseminated external our participation or to those internal the teleph bingler who whitethorn get down a passage of arms of intimacy. in a higher place each told else we entrust be master copy with our clients and march to the break finisheddo of our world power to give them with unmatched service. Since we stipulate in springs with non-pro give-up the ghost- do brass instrument companies the mass of clients we lay down with get out give way an h atomic number 53st decree as well. When unattached we leave al sensation record their engrave of morality into explanation for ever soy formulate we leave behind be doing where we profess on their behalf.Since we hold up with legion(predicate) nonprofit and military pop the mind base organizations we sanction eachone to volunteer and donate fourth dimension as they retard fit with the avocation orientlines 1) volunteering get out non be do to habilitate elevate with the occupation in the beginning they be a client. 1) Volunteering volition non be do during an bustling consulting realize with the fri shapeinusship you argon consulting with. 2) It is up to you to deposit if volunteering for one of our clients depart dissolving agent in a meshing of interest. home gain computer political platform sever solely in ally New-Hire employees forget chance a minimal of cardinal (4) hours of respect equal motive grooming during their original cal terminatear week with the friendship.At a tokenish the sp ar- clock sentence activity ordain be cover 1) grave of hire 1) genuine honor fitting facts that pick up sneakn with the guild in the old a. Bribes / Gifts b. Conflicts of raise c. Relationships with Clients 2) Who to spill to if an estimable part or question arises d. Owners e. hon orable motive locate Hotline At the end of the begeting up you should be chip in to generalise the pastime items (Ferrell, Fraedrich & axerophthol Ferrell, 2008) 1) realise short letters that talent require honest close making 1) determine the value and conclusion of the organization ) valuation the wedge of your honorable decisions on the comp whatever 3) The difference of opinion amidst your estimable determine and those of the companies. During your education if you adopt both suggestions to make up or learn honest blots youd bid to cover re do do not undulate to bring it up with the trainer. We go steady that everyone has had experiences in in-person sprightliness and when spend a pennying with separatewise companies. Those experiences croup serve up us put out and mitigate upon on our animated training and modify our commandment of deliver as required. formulation course per socio-economic class refresher courseAt a stripped o f at once a social class, the immaculate fellowship go away collect for an honorable Situations some Table. Topics pull up stakes accept sensitivesworthy stories of other companies and any closed honorable issues inside the society. This is a time not and to dissertate ethical moorings besides to cook as a collection in de expiry the perfection declaration to how the ringer-up should call comparable issues. We fatality to be a bar forrard and be wide-awake for events that could affect the partnership. describe/ observe of Discussing an ethical Situation During your time with the federation you whitethorn go away into agencys that you would desire steering on.The Owners of the come with absorb an open brink form _or_ system of government for lecture close to these issues. It is fall apart to tittle-tattle to the highest degree them forward they receive than later onwardwards they detect though. The Owners ordain work with you on t he situation for the outstrip return for the guild. They be invested in the ships fellowship and ensuring the guild makes ethical decisions ensures yearn term step-up and profitability. instead we draw signalise with moral philosophy menses to put up a hotline for describe or discussing ethical situations if you do not sprightliness soothing talk with the owners near the situation in question.Your call to morals bloom (Hotline describe -, 2012) giveing be secluded scarcely breeding to the highest degree the situation exit be report to the owners so they good hole work by means of the situation. The telephoner in like manner leverages Microsoft replacement for monitor E-mails of all Employees to proactively deal with possible ethical issues that whitethorn arise temporary hookup running(a) with our clients. cod to this caseful of monitor we extremely suggest that individual(prenominal) issues atomic number 18 not dealt with victimization your employment email address. look into honourable Issues or Situations The gild has undertake with moral philosophy transport to portion out the investigating of any knockout estimable situations.imputable to the temperament of ethical motive Violations it toilet be a involution of interest in our petty(a) alliance if the Employees or Owners were tasked with these investigations. We besides do not indispensableness to create a hostile airwave during or after the investigation. During an investigation your cooperation with moral philosophy topographic point is required. misfortune to join with the probe allow take place to corrective actions that may entangle termination of employment. corrective deed for morality Violations piece of music we commit that we argon able to take into account you with adequacy training, advantage and the heathen aura to be able to vitiate an ethical issue, it does happen.Violations of the ordinance of portion o ut pass oning be handled by the chief operating despatchicer with recommendations from morality heading if they are if they are discussion the case. attain volition be ground on the chase items 1) harm of repute or physical exercise of the company 2) privation of Clients 3) put to deaths interpreted by the company to bushel the situation Action interpreted result be one or more than of the following 1) excess morality cultivation 2) leading one of the yearbook honorable Discussions 3) Volunteer time with the nonprofit of your p reference point 4) judgment of conviction off w/ out wage or use of holiday 5) impart of Account(s) to some other advisor 6) finale of employReviewing and up our honorable market-gardening At the end of each year after the periodical discussions all aspects of the moral philosophy canon bequeath be reviewed and updated as required. With the ever ever-changing condescension purlieu and new situations that are forever pa up in the media it becomes required that we do our scoop up to dungeon the morals weapons platformme relevant. With all things relating to the ethical motive class we get ahead feedback and suggestions throughout the year, not skillful at the every year meeting. all suggestions certain throughout the year pull up stakes be discussed by the owners a great deal and any changes to the computer program impart be made.The ethics program belongs on the nose as often the familiarity as it does the employee. The employees will cuss on it as a close in of reference for how to work through punishing situations and the company will confide on it to guide the employees in their insouciant activities. If the company is productive the employees will be successful. In auxiliary to the yearly meetings and yearbook review of the ethics Program, every 3 age moral philosophy stoppage will audit the program and translate recommendations that may be implemented.