Delta Airlines Essay

Delta Air Lines is one of the top five domestic airlines in the United States, and amongst the top 20 in the world today. The key to Delta being so successful today is their focus on human relations (Anthony, Kacmar, & Parrewà ©, 2010). An agricultural extension agent by the name of C.E. Woolman founded Delta. Mr. Woolman was not a financier, so Delta has not historically relied on financial strategies to create competitive advantage (Anthony, Kacmar, & Parrewà ©, 2010). Delta has had the fewest number of customer complaints of any major carrier for 20 years straight. This excellent customer service could be partial due to the fact that Delta was strongly committed to its employees. With loyal employees and excellent customer service Delta was able to be very competitive in the airline industry and still is today. One of Delta greatest challenge today is differentiating itself from its competitors while cutting cost, but through their continual strong focus on human relations and s uperior customer service Delta will continue to be amongst the top in the airline industry. External Environment General. Economic factors: Inflation has increased and the world economy has dealt  with financial issues. There is a lot of potential growth in the emerging economies. Airlines merging not only affect those involved in the merger, but also the other airlines that stand to lose market share. Socio-culture: Factor varies among societies. The airline industry serves all kinds of customers. There have been issues with obesity and airlines because of having to purchase an additional seat for being larger. Political-Regulatory factors: Airlines have to consider are security issues because of terrorist attacks and deregulation of airlines. Also, there are fuel regulations to consider (Anthony, Kacmar & Perrewe, 2010). Technological factors: Technology has changed the industry drastically. Travel agencies are completely obsolete because of websites like hotwire, Orbitz and Priceline. Airlines have mobile applications for phones and ipads that allow you to check-in and get flight updates. You do no t even need a paper-boarding pass; there are electronic boarding passes. Demographic factors: The airline industry serves customers all over the world. Typically serving adults, even though children fly. Shares of the market are customers traveling for business purposes. Industry Airline Industry. The airline industry is a major economic and social force. The impact air travel has had on related industries, manufacturing, and tourism is on a global scale. Few industries have created the amount of technological advancement or gained such attention from federal governments. The industry has high and low cycles largely dependent on time of year and socioeconomic factors. The industry is fairly concentrated with only a small handful of majors competitors in North America, but each competitor has attached themselves to joint ventures with numerous global corporations, such as Sky Team, which contains Delta Air Lines. Airlines compete on a global scale, offering flights from Washington D.C to South Africa to Tokyo, Japan. Companies that limit themselves to a certain region struggle maintain a large portion of the market share. The airline industry is somewhat difficult to break into due to a high learning curve and the number of major competitors already establishe d in the field. The industry is in a mature phase, which means it is a well-established commodity that has seen little growth into untapped markets. Technology is rapidly growing to make planes larger, more efficient, quieter, and easier to manage. Technology has  allowed air travel to become safer and more cost effective than driving. The use of the internet has enabled consumers to purchase seats easier than ever. The capital requirements of an airline are very large. Planes, hangars, hubs, and a massive support staff are always needed to maintain even a small operation of flights. The industry can be very profitable as long as competition is maintained and people have a need for more rapid transportation. 5 – Force Analysis New Entrants. The significant start-up costs and capital requirements make entering the airline industry difficult. Government regulations also make a new or unknown company struggle internationally, as many governments strictly control who has authority to land within the country. Foreign competitors are more of a threat than new competitors. Foreign competitors are always looking to increase their market share in the U.S. and North America. Suppliers. Suppliers have a large amount of power within the industry. Boeing and Airbus dominate the manufacturing industry related to the airlines, which limits competition and rivalry. There is a lack of intensity within the industry due to this lack of competition. The other high priced commodity for airlines is fuel. The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries is very strong and can easily influence the price of fuel. These suppliers can demand the prices they want because the airline industry has limited options otherwise. Buyers. Buyers have relatively low bargaining power within the airline industry. This is in part due to the high costs of switching airlines and the fact that airlines have the ability to set their own prices without fear of taking losses. Buyer power has recently grown with the use of travel/booking websites such as Travelocity, Kayak, and Hotwire. These sites enable buyers to instantaneously peruse numerous airline ticketing costs. The consumer then has the option to select the airline with the lowest offered price. Delta has introduced a way to lower ticket costs and maintain a loyal customer base. They offer lowered prices to consumers who buy directly from the Delta website. Substitutes. The increased efficiency of other travel modes do offer some threats of substitutes and also forces the airline industry to remain vigilant about having constant technological upgrades of their own. The threats offered from other services, such as motor vehicle, train, and boat,  have been dec lining since the rise of air travel, but they remain as a constant within the tourism and travel industries. Increased costs of fuel/oil prices have decreased the number of consumers who travel for pleasure, which has increased the percentage of those who travel for business needs. Airlines remain the favorite for international or transoceanic traveling due to the speed of transportation. Existing Rivalry. Rivals have created increased intensity within the market and the need for joint ventures and new business contracts on a regular basis. The most profitable hubs are ones setup within major traffic cities with a high demand for air travel. This means that the major airlines have to compete with one another to seize the larger markets. The larger markets typically cost more to get into, but yield a higher return on investments, so it is beneficial to become involved. Companies need to offer more flights and more time flexibility through these larger markets to keep up with the demand of their rival companies. Fixed costs from suppliers, low differentiation of services, and price wars contribute to rivalry as well. Net profits are lower overall due to this competition, but it ensures that one company is unable to seize a monopoly of the market share. Offering â€Å"frequent flyer miles† is one way to differentiate from the competition and increase a loyal customer base.

Nurse shoratges Essay

Conferences Webinars Popular Topics Media Relations Career Link Contact Sitemap Top of Form SEARCH AACN Bottom of Form About AACN Mission and Values Strategic Plan Staff Directory Department Directory Bylaws Committees & Task Force Board of Directors Member Schools Affiliated Sites Leading Initiatives Education Resources Publications Research and Data Academic-practice Partnerships Joining Forces Clinical Nurse Leader Doctor of Nursing Practice Public Health Nursing Diversity in Nursing NursingCAS CCNE Accreditation About CCNE Find Accredited Programs Find New Applicant Programs Board Actions & Current Reviews Standards, Procedures, & Resources New Applicant Process On-site Evaluators CCNE webinars Government Affairs About Government Affairs AACN Grassroots Federal Policy Agenda Appropriations Advocacy APRN Advocacy State Advocacy Supported Legislation Policy Briefs Resources Funding Opportunities Archives Membership Members Only How to Join Member Benefits Leadership Development Leadership Networks Leadership Opportunities New Dean Mentoring Program Awards Mailing List Rental Nursing Program Search Faculty Faculty Link Faculty Tool Kits Faculty Webinars Curriculum Guidelines Leadership for Academic Nursing Education Scholar ELNEC Geriatric Nursing Students Your Nursing Career Graduate Nursing Student Academy Scholarships Financial Aid Accelerated Nursing Programs Career Resource Center Home / Media Relations / Nursing Shortage Resources / Impact of the Nursing Shortage on Patient Care News Releases Spokesperson Bios AACN News Watch Position Statements White Papers Fact Sheets Talking Points Nursing Shortage Resources About the Nursing Shortage Impact of the Nursing Shortage on Patient Care Strategies to Resolve the Shortage Legislation to Address the Shortage Snapshot of Today’s Nursing Workforce Report Archives State Work Force Reports Newsletter Subscriptions More Sharing ServicesShare I Share on facebook Share on twitter Share on email Share on print Recent Reports Hospital Nurse Practice Environments and Outcomes for Surgical Oncology Patients In an article published in Health Services Research in August 2008, Dr. Christopher Friese and colleagues found that nursing education level was significantly associated with patient outcomes. Nurses prepared at the baccalaureate-level were linked with lower mortality and failure-to-rescue rates. The authors conclude that â€Å"moving to a nurse workforce in which a higher proportion of staff nurses have at least a baccalaureate-level education would result in substantially fewer adverse outcomes for patients. † Effects of Hospital Care Environment on Patient Mortality and Nurse Outcomes In a study published May 2008 in the Journal of Nursing Administration, (see below) which show a strong link between RN education level and patient outcomes. Titled â€Å"Effects of Hospital Care Environment on Patient Mortality and Nurse Outcomes,† these leading nurse researchers found that every 10% increase in he proportion of BSN nurses on the hospital staff was associated with a 4% decrease in the risk of death. Impact of Hospital Nursing Care on 30-day Mortality for Acute Medical Patients In the January 2007 issue of the Journal of Advanced Nursing, a new study validates the findings of Dr. Linda Aiken and others that baccalaureate- prepared nurses have a positive impact on lowering mortality rates. A research team led by Dr. Ann E. Tourangeau from the University of Toronto and the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences in Ontario, Canada, studied 46,993 patients admitted to ospital with heart attacks, stroke, pneumonia and blood poisoning. The authors found that: â€Å"Hospitals with higher proportions of baccalaureate-prepared nurses tended to have lower 30-day mortality rates. Our findings indicated that a 10% increase in the proportion of baccalaureate prepared nurses was associated with 9 fewer deaths for every 1,000 discharged patients. Is the Shortage of Hospital Registered Nurses Getting Better of Worse? In the March-April 2005 issue of Nursing Economics, Dr. Peter Buerhaus and colleagues found that more than 75% of RNs believe the nursing shortage presents a major problem for the quality of their work ife, the quality of patient care, and the amount of time nurses can spend with patients. Looking forward, almost all surveyed nurses see the shortage in the future as a catalyst for increasing stress on nurses (98%), lowering patient care quality (93%) and causing nurses to leave the profession (93%). National Survey on Consumers’ Experiences with Patient Safety and Quality Information In November 2004, results from this national survey found that 40% of Americans think the quality of health care has worsened in the last five years. Consumers reported that the most mportant issues affecting medical error rates are workload, stress or fatigue among health professionals (74%); too little time spent with patients (70%); and too few nurses (69%). This survey was sponsored by the Kaiser Family Foundation, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the Harvard School of Public Health. Research in Action: Hospital Nurse Staffing and Availability of Care In March 2004, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) issued a synthesis of nursing research studies that details the impact that staffing levels, staff mix, and education levels have on patient outcomes. The report cites studies showing that hospitals with lower nurse staffing levels and fewer registered nurses compared with licensed practical nurses or nurses’ aides tend to have higher rates of poor patient outcomes. Keeping Patients Safe: Transforming the Work Environment Publishing in November 2003, this Institute of Medicine calls for substantial changes in the work environment of nurses in order to protect patients, including changes in how nurse staffing levels are established and mandatory limits on nurses’ work hours. Despite the growing body of evidence that better nurse staff levels result in afer patient care, nurses in some health care facilities may be overburdened with up to 12 patients to care for per shift. Long work hours pose one of the most serious threats to patient safety, because fatigue slows reaction time, diminishes attention to detail, and contributes to errors. Educational Levels of Hospital Nurses and Surgical prepared at the baccalaureate and higher degree level is endangering patients. In an article in the September 24, 2003 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association, Dr. Linda Aiken and her colleagues at the University of Pennsylvania ound that patients experience significantly lower mortality and failure to rescue rates in hospitals where more baccalaureate-prepared nurses provide direct patient care. At least 1,700 preventable deaths could have been realized in Pennsylvania hospitals alone if baccalaureate-prepared nurses had comprised 60% of the nursing staff and the nurse-to-patient ratios had been set at 1 to 4. Unfortunately, only of PA hospitals have more than 50% of the nursing staff prepared at the baccalaureate level. Views of Practicing Physicians and the Public on Medical Errors A survey eported in the December 12, 2002 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine found that 53% of physicians and 65% of the public cited the shortage of nurses as a leading cause of medical errors. Overall, 42% of the public and more than a third of U. S. doctors reported that they or their family members have experienced medical errors in the course of receiving medical care. The survey was conducted by the Harvard School of Public Health and the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Hospital Nurse Staffing and Patient Mortality, Nurse Burnout and Job Dissatisfaction According o a study published in the October 23/30, 2002 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association, more nurses at the bedside could save thousands of patient lives each year. Nurse researchers at the University of Pennsylvania determined that patients who have common surgeries in hospitals with low nurse-to-patient ratios have an up to 31% increased chance of dying. Funded by the National Institute for Nursing Research, the study found that every additional patient in an average hospital nurse’s workload increased the risk of death in surgical patients by 7%. Having too few nurses may actually cost more money given the high costs of replacing burnt-out nurses and caring for patients with poor outcomes.

Dependency Theory

What is Dependence Theory? Dependency theory is a theory of how developing and developed nations interact. It can be seen as an opposition theory to the popular free market theory of interaction. Dependency theory was first formulated in the 1950s, drawing on a Marxian analysis of the global economy, and as a direct challenge to the free market economic policies of the post-War era. The free market ideology holds, at its most basic, that open markets and free trade benefit developing nations, helping them eventually to join the global economy as equal players. The belief is that although some of the methods of market liberalization and opening may be painful for a time, in the long run they help to firmly establish the economy and make the nation Dependency theory, in contrast, holds that there are a small number of established nations that are continually fed by developing nations; at the expense of the developing nations’ own health. These developing nations are essentially acting as colonial dependencies, sending their wealth to the developed nations with minimal compensation. In dependency theory, the developed nations actively keep developing nations in a subservient position, often through economic force by instituting sanctions, or by proscribing free trade policies attached to loans granted by the World Bank or International Monetary Fund. The critiques of dependency theory can be leveled within a nation as well as internationally. In fact, dependency theory tends to trace its roots to back before the emergence of modern post-colonialism. On an internal level, dependency theory can be seen applying to regions within a country. In the United States, for example, historically the industrial Northeast can be seen drawing wealth from the agricultural south in a pattern reflected in the modern world by the industrial northern hemisphere and the productive southern hemisphere. Dependency theory also posits that the degree of dependency increases as time goes on. Wealthy countries are able to use their wealth to further influence developing nations into adopting policies that increase the wealth of the wealthy nations, even at their own expense. At the same time, they are able to protect themselves from being turned on by the developing nations, making their system more and more secure as time passes. Capital continues to migrate from the developing nations to the developed nations, causing the developing nations to experience a lack of wealth, which forces them to take out larger loans from the developed nations, further indebting them. The Relevance of Dependency Theory in the Caribbean Dependency Theory is relevant to the Caribbean region because it act as a helping hand, which aid with the Caribbean being developed. It encourages trade, exports and tourism, which is a major form of economic growth. The Caribbean can only produce so much for itself; we have to be dependent on other countries to get resources that are absent from within the Caribbean region. The product varies, as sugar from Cuba and Guyana, bauxite in Jamaica and Guyana, petroleum in Trinidad and Tobago and in the Netherlands Antilles, bananas in St. Lucia, Dominica, Grenada, St. Vincent, Guadeloupe and Martinique and coffee in Haiti. Dependency Theory in the Caribbean region has prospered by means of export of the resource-based products. The Caribbean regions are at a disadvantage but given this, one can seek maximum advantage. Nevertheless given the bad experience of the colonial period most countries turned to some kind of planning, involving and export substitution and export diversification. Assets were created from as early as the colonial period. Tourism is one of the main foreign exchange earners for most of the regions economies. Some implications on how developing countries can alleviate the effects of the world system are by: OPromotion of domestic industry and manufactured goods. By imposing subsidies to protect domestic industries, poor countries can be enabled to sell their own products rather than simply exporting raw materials. OImport limitations, by limiting the importation of luxury goods and manufactured goods that can be produced within the country, the country can reduce its loss of capital and resources. OForbidding foreign investment, some governments took steps to keep foreign companies and individuals from owing or operating property that draws on the resources of the country. ONationalization, some governments have forcibly taken over foreign-owned companies on behalf of the state, in order to keep profits within the country. Dependency Theory and its place in the Global Economy Dependency Theory sees the global economy as characterized by a structured relationship between the cores states which, using political military and economic power to extract a surplus from the peripheral countries. Any attempt by the dependent nations to resist the influences of dependency often result in economic sanctions. Dependency Theory in its various forms has advanced the proposition that development and underdevelopment are opposite faces of the same coin, â€Å"or reciprocal conditions of a global system of capital accumulation. Economic vulnerability and dependency are other dimensions that are derived from the relatively high degree of financial dependency of most government in the region. The Caribbean countries face several challenges arising out of structural shifts in the world economy. The main disadvantages are represented by certain primary products exports, preferential arrangements and environmental vulnerability. Dependency Theory Bedouins and the Dependency Theory. Theories of globalization fall into three categories; Modernization, dependency and the world systems theory. These theories each sprout out into more categories and they distinguish what or how a country or society has developed into. The modernization theory focuses on the culture and belief systems that are powered by globalization. This theory then takes off into five more stages known as the traditional stage, culture-change stage, take-off stage, self-sustained stage, and high economy stage.These stages mainly focus on a few things such as tradition, culture, economy, advancement of education and technology, and also ones that produce the exported goods for other countries to import. Although some theories are open to change that is done gradually, some refuse to change and just stay the same without and further advancement. Although these theories are what distinguish a country and where it lays on the scale, it still does not mean it cannot further itself into something better throughout the world.Anthropologist Donald Cole researched on the Bedouins who are groups of nomadic pastoralists. Al Murrah is the people Cole focused on, they are a small society that resided in the heart of the desert in the country of Saudi Arabia. They were based on caravan trade with relied on the care of camels and other animals. The Al Murrah society was a society based off itself, and other small societies around the desert. They relied on the commodities with oasis centres for dates, rice and bread. They had a military force and also raided others and committed warfare.The rich and powerful Saudi government then recruited Al Murrah males into the national guards work and then the leader of the Al Murrah, as known as the Emir, was recognized as the commander in chief of the small tribes for the national guards. The Saudis would then pay these commanders salary wages which they then would distribute to other tribes people. This then left the Al Murrah people dependent on the Saudi government. This type of works would be considered under the dependency theory. The modern state of Saudi Arabia has token its time by exploiting the small tribe of the Al Murrah by having them work for the National Guard for wages.Saudi government took control over these people by having them always wanting more money and so they would recruit more and more emirs into the National Guard which thus left the Bedouins to be integrated into the nation states throughout the Arabian Peninsula. The dependency theory applies to the Bedouins because it is a larger group exploiting the smaller group into helping them. Although their lifestyles are different, they still accepted the change and still went on with it and now have discontinued existing in the deserts of Saudi Arabia.

Financial Resources Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Financial Resources Management - Essay Example It is the relations between the Dollars or Euros that an entrepreneur has borrowed and Dollars or Euros invested in the business. The more the investment by the owners the more they attract the financing. When the equity to debt ratio of the firm is high then debt financing should be taken. If the proportion of the debt to equity ratio of the firm is high then it is advised that the owners should increase their equity investment, that way they cannot jeopardize firm's survival. Limited equity financing is used by most of the small or growth stage businesses. Whereas in debt financing, funds pour in from different quarters like from friends, relatives, etc. Venture capitalists are the most common source of equity funding. Venture capitalists may be institutional risk takers, financial institutions, wealthy persons, etc. and most of them specialize in industries. Venture capitalists are risk takers and show interest only in three to five year old companies that result in more than average profits. These venture capitalists are called as investment gurus whose interest lies in those companies that have major regional and national concerns. Commercial finance companies, financial institutions, banks, savings and loans, Lloyds Bank small business, etc. are some of the sources for debt financing. Because of their positive impact on the whole economy local and state government encourage the growth of the small companies. In debt financing additional funds comes from friends, family, relatives, and industry colleagues, etc when capital investment is smaller. Generally banks formed as a major source for loans for the establishment of small businesses. Banks don't offer long term loans to small firms instead they grant short term loans for machinery and equipment, they also offer demand loans to small firms that reduces the risk of leveraging the funds available. Applying for a loan Loan application should be well written, so that the reader could get a clear picture of what your plans are. The presentation should be of the best quality in the initial loan proposal and application. Only industry specific details should be included so that reader can easily understand. Business description: a. Organization type. b. Information date. c. Location. d. Product or service. e. Firm's previous commitments (if any). f. Future plans. g. Competition. h. Customers. i. Suppliers. Management experience Resume of the owner and important employees should be included. Personal Financial Statements Care should be taken that the financial statements are not older than 90 days and financial statements of all principal owners and guarantors should be included. A copy of last year's income tax return should also be included. Loan Repayment The method of repayment of loan should be included and supporting documents of cash flow schedules, budgets and

EVA Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

EVA Analysis - Research Paper Example However, as IBM has faced competition in the computer hardware subsectror of the IT sector, it has diversified into other areas and become a big product in these areas. IBM has become more active today in the software sector as well as the cloud computing sector. In fact the area where the firm is most successful is the software sub-sector. IBM now has four main divisions which include Financing, Hardware, Services, and Software (Lines & Ambler, 2012). Each of the four departments in IBM has different profitability and this means that if the investors were to value each individually rather than valuing the firm one whole, they would have different a value in total. Economic Value Added (EVA) is the method of determining the value of a firm through calculating its value produced after return of capital invested and the cost of operation (Grant, 2003). Because of this when investors value each individual division as opposed to averaging the profits of each division and calculating the value firm of collectively, they would at a different value of the firm. In this regard, if investors were to demarcate IBM and each division valued individually, each of the division would have a different value and if these values were to be added together, they would have a higher value than the value calculated in a combination. Rationale Every firm intends to get the best and highest valuation, just like they want to make the highest profits. This is why it is necessary for a firm to find the best way to improve its value. The value of an organization can also be theoretical. One theoretical method of a valuing a firm is the EVA method and has been used in several firms. Warren Buffet showed that investors value a firm differently if the firm has different divisions with different values. By separating the less valuable parts of the business from the more valuable parts of the firm, it is possible to help the investors in a different light (Grant, 2003). Eliminating the negativ e aspect of the firm By separating the firm into different units, the investors are able to see the firm in a better light because the negative aspects of the firm can be separated from the firm. Warren Buffet used this in Coca Cola and separated the less profitable division from the rest of the firm. This led to the investors to be willing to value the firm higher. As a result, separating the firm into units and carrying out an EVA evaluation is not just an accounting process but also a psychological process, which help in lifting away the negative aspects of the firm. In this regard, it is necessary for a firm like IBM to separate the less effective aspects of the firm to let the investors to see the better aspect of the firm. This approach is more useful to IBM than almost any other firm because of the history of the firm. As already discussed, IBM was the leader in hardware manufacturing, both for retail and corporate customers. However, as new players came into the market, it b ecame harder for the firm to deal with the competition, it has to diversify. In the modern day, IBM is no longer the giant it was in the hardware sector, but competitors such as HP and Dell have shrouded the firm. However, IBM is doing so well in its software division and it has become a leader in this new niche. However, it is very hard for investors to see this new opportunity unless and until IBM separates itself from the older IBM and to the new IBM. Until the

The Leader as a Strategist Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Leader as a Strategist Report - Assignment Example Analysis of the strategic cascade According to Michael E. Porter, strategy is the ability of the organization to make an informed decision about when, how and where to target the customers, set the desired objectives and facilitate resources and thereby make a difference between mangers who thinks strategically for future prospects. Therefore anticipating these desired movements into the current decision making process helps to set stage in order to create a competitive advantages. Porter had referred to operational effectiveness as â€Å"performing similar activities better than rivals† and referred strategic positioning as activities performed by organization in different way. Real strategy for an organization is to choose a different path in order to deliver mix of activities and values. According to Porter, strategy is about choices and not about what to do and what not. Thus it can be said that Strategy is all about combing the activities and Google has adopted the simila r strategy which has made it the top most search engine company across the globe. Business Strategy Target market Goggle has targeted both consumers and the business enterprises or the advertisers. Google searchable database favors the big business houses and the established merchants. Google deals with viral marketing and has been able to attract the attention of media for both paid and free promotions. Goggle has also targeted the software market; the search engine has let firms run the email calendar and other services in order to build in the offerings for the individuals (BBC News, 2006). Value proposition Goggle is search engine and it derives its value proposition by delivering with all the important and necessary information that is need by the target customers. Google value proposition is based on the concept of reaching people actively who are looking for information about the products and services online. Thus it becomes easier for a searcher to reach the concerned people who are looking exactly for the products or services that one is offering. Therefore the value to users and to the advertisers is aligned hence everybody wins, the advertisers and the users. And most important in Google when something is searched for, the ads are in the form of result that is meeting with the needs and wants of the customers. Positioning Google has positioned its products and services in the market and with its respective target market as a search engine which provides information about everything that the customer’s types in, which means that search with Google gets smarter and faster. One can share document without having to cut and paste through Gmail contacts and use all the necessary services. Google defines itself as the â€Å"perfect search engine† as it tends to understands what a customer wants and gives back exactly the desired information (Google-a, n.d). Google earns most of the revenue from advertising and is one of the most visited sites on the internet. In order to produce user fees, the company has supplemented their searches which are free with a service named Google Answers. Google pays about three quarter of its revenue who answers the question and keeps with it the other 25% of the fees. Fees start at a price of $2.50 and at an average point of $75 (Kotler, 2008, p.283).

Read the instruction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Read the instruction - Essay Example SYPTOMS: The symptoms of this degeneration are sudden weakness on unilateral side of face that causes drooping, drooling, eye problems such as watery eyes or dry eyes, inability to taste, pain behind ear and numbness on affected side of face. DIAGNOSIS: The diagnosis of this condition is done on the basis of history and examination. The patient is asked question regarding the development of their symptoms. The patient’s facial nerve is also examined. Blood tests, MRI and CT scan can also be carried out. TREATMENT: The treatment of Bell’s Palsy is following. Some patients recover from this condition without using medications. These patients are those who can exercise their facial muscles. Treatment from corticosteroids such as prednisone helps in facial movement. Corticosteroids work at their best if their administration is started within 3 days of the appearance of symptoms. At times antivirals such as acyclovir can also be added to the drug regime (Current,

The Great Depression Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Great Depression - Research Paper Example The crash of the Stock Market, unemployment and bankruptcy, the Smoot-Hawley Tariff led political changes, emigration and new reforms such as The New Deal took the United States in a sweeping landslide (Sauert 129). The dawn of the Great Depression is usually narrowed down to the crash of the Stock Market which occurred on Tuesday, 29th October, 1929 when the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell to a very low rate, almost as low as 23 percent and the market suffered a gigantic loss which ranged from $ 8 billion to $ 9 billion. However, this was just one of the many losses in a period when severe market volatility was rampant and it exposed the people who had bought stocks on loans (Taylor). This crash of the Wall Street Stock Market completely changed the direction of the events. It marked the arena where the United States was thrown into political chaos and economic instability. The crash of the Stock Market was one of the major reasons that led to the Great Depression. However, it mer ely dealt out a card and there were many more reasons to come. For two months after the crash there was a loss of more than $ 40 billion dollars (Ross 32). Stock holders could not pay back their loans and there was a marked reduction in transactions. People stopped purchasing items which led to a lesser number produced and hence lack of work force. More and more people lost their jobs which simultaneously led to their properties being repossessed. Soon unemployment was rampant in the region (Hembree). The crash of the Wall Street of the Stock Market was thoroughly disastrous for the United States for it completely negated the concept of the American Dream as propagated by President Hoover and his predecessors. For the... The consequences of the Great Depression were staggering for it left thousands and thousands of unemployed people roaming the streets by night and day and trying to find work. The tide of the Depression had calamitous consequences. Not only billions of people lost their homes in one sweeping wave but they also had to migrate to places which were not fit for living. Shanty towns had cropped up in various parts of the United States and they were built out of tents and other sorts of garbage like items such as hulks of old cars. They were known as ‘Hoovervilles’ which was a mocking reference to President Hoover as he had fallen into disgrace for many blamed him for their turmoil and the turn of events. There were also other derogatory terms used in reference to him such as ‘Hoover Blank’ which was an old newspaper used as a blanket, ‘Hoover wagon’ which was an vehicle drawn by a horse since the owner could not afford gas. Unable to do anything, the general public vented out their pent-up misery by using such offensive references for Hoover. The coining of these terms depicted the nationwide view of Hoover in the minds of the public. Women took up men’s work so as to support their families along with their men but the availability of jobs was scarce.

Clarifying Your Values Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Clarifying Your Values - Assignment Example Ethical conflict arose when important values of the company were to be considered in solving the Pinto fire cases. Ford, as a business, aims to achieve profits in all their activities. Thus, their values of being honest to their customers and ensuring success began to conflict. It would be hard to come up with a cost-benefit decision, which would be advantageuos to both the company and buyers of the Ford Pinto vehicle. The main affected parties were users of the Ford Pinto vehicles. Many of them were grieved with loss of life, yet other emerged unscathed, but still their lives had been at risk. In many cases, their vehicles were destroyed as a result of the accidents. Moreover, other individulas were also affected by the accidents. This includes grieved families and the parties involved during an accident. The alternative courses of action were not encouraging to the company. This is because the price of the Pinto had to increase as Ford tried to improve the safety of their vehicles. This resulted in loss of market as their competitors, with cheaper vehicles attracted more customers. The safety incentives would also lead to loss of trunk space within the vehicle, making it less competitive within the market. Moreover, the cost of prodcution would increase as the company has to construct new facilities to be used in improving their vehicles. A company is obligated to ensure that its products and services are safe for use by their consumers. Customer retention should be considered as this is facilitated by doing what is expected by the company (Berg, 2012). In the case of Ford, they did not improve the safety of their Pinto vehicle, risking the likes of its users. Thus, they have not met their obligations to their customers. I have various community standards that guide me as a person of integrity. Harmony is one of them. It is a basic standard, which ensures that the various members of the community can interact peacefully. It acts as

The History of Cell Theory in the Last 200 Years Essay Example for Free

The History of Cell Theory in the Last 200 Years Essay The last two centuries present significant advancement in the study of cell development in biological science since the term was first coined by Robert Hooke in 1665. Although Hooke first observed the presence of cells in matters it was Jean Baptiste De Lamarck (1744 1829), a French scientist, who initiated early steps in recognizing the concept of the cell as a biological element in living things while carrying out extensive works in evolution and classifications in the animal kingdom. This is similar to the Rene Dutrochet’s pronouncement in 1824 that the structure of a living body’s fundamental elements is the cell, created through the process called juxtaposition or combination, producing both animals and plant forms. Several assumptions followed which serves as basis for the modern cell theory including Ludolph Christian Treviranus’s (1779-1864) proposition that a cell can be further separated into even smaller components by its intracellular space or individual units comprising the cell itself particularly in plants. Building on this concept, Robert Brown (1773-1858) published a paper naming one of these units â€Å"cell nucleus† in 1883. Although scientifically accepted as fact today, Brown together with Bauer, at that time, never thought the idea of cell nucleus to be universally present in all living things and limit the concept to monocotyledons (also called monocots), one of the major groups of angiosperms or flowering plants. Amidst the numerous assumptions and differing opinions of their times three names excel in the field of cell science: Theodor Schwann (1810-1882), Matthias Jakob Schleiden (1804-1881) and Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902). Schwann discovered what is called Schwann cell or neurolemnocytes, glial cells supplying vitality to peripheral nerve fibers. Together with Schleiden they concluded that all living things are composed of cells and published their findings in a paper called Microscopic Investigations on the Accordance in the Structure and Growth of Plants and Animals. Almost their contemporary, Virchow further improved the idea into a wider and more scientific scale stating that cells come from cells of the same kind, refuting the theory of Spontaneous Generation. Virchow was also one of the very first scientists to apply existing cell theories together with findings he himself formulated in medicine that led to the discovery of leukemia cells and a deeper understanding of lung cancer and other deceases related to cell formation and their behavior. In 1855, Virchow states that cells replicate through the process called â€Å"cell division†. Together, Schwann, Schleiden and Virchow are the three considered to be the key figures and originator of the basis for the concepts of modern Cell Theory. Development in the Cell Theory in the 1900’s is not as numerous as that of the 1700’s and 1800’s. One discovery, however, worth mentioning is the finding made by James D. Watson and Francis Crick regarding the double-helix structure for DNA in the 1953. 2. Membranous Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells †¢ Chloroplast (plastid). Chloroplasts are present in eukaryotic a cell which main function is to capture light energy to conserve free energy in the form of ATP moderating Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADP) and requires NADPH as a reductant in a reduction-oxidation (redox) reaction. †¢ Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) forms the network of tubules, vesicles and cisternae in cells necessary for protein synthesis ( the process where cells proteins), protein folding and transport, secretion or exocytosed, and manufacture and storage of glycogen, steroids and macromolecules. †¢ Golgi Apparatus or Golgi Complex deals with the processing of proteins and lipids after synthesis before transporting (e. g. secretion) †¢ Mitochondrion generates the cell’s energy (i. e. chemical energy) and produce majority of its Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) †¢ Vacuole is an enclosed water filled compartment within a cell containing enzymes and various natural and inorganic molecules. †¢ Nucleus contains majority of the cell’s genetic materials organized in a multiple long linear Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). It is considered to be the cell’s control center. 3. Methods in Molecular Exchange †¢ Diffusion. Diffusion balances the degree of concentration of molecules from a region with higher concentration to a region with lower concentration as a reaction to thermal motion. It plays a vital role in the distribution of oxygen, nutrients and other molecules across the capillary walls and across membranes. An diffusion equilibrium is said to be attained when the amount of molecule between two regions are equal and no diffusion movement occurs, or the net flux is at zero rate. The degree of concentration, temperature, and room affects the direction and extent of net flux related to the process. †¢ Endocytosis. Endocytosis takes place when cells suck up molecules from the outside of the cell by swallowing it up using their cell membrane. †¢ Exocytosis. Exocytosis is the reverse process of endocytosis where a cell releases the contents accumulated by the secretory vesicles out of the cell membrane. 4. Catalyst and Enzyme Catalysts are substances that make a chemical reaction faster than its normal rate. Catalysts inhibit changes in matters acted upon (substrate) but remain unchanged on the final output of the reaction (end product). Enzymes are types of catalyst that are almost always in protein form and are used in biochemical (living) reactions. 5. Enzyme-Controlled Reaction During an enzyme-controlled reaction, the enzyme’s key portion called â€Å"active site† interacts with the substrate. The substrate begins reacting to the enzyme entering a stress state. Upon reaching the necessary stress rate, the substrate changes in form or state (or both) producing the end product. The resulting end product is said to â€Å"drift away† and the enzyme is then free to perform the same procedure in the chemical reaction until no reactible substance is left, concluding the process. 6. Enzymes, Coenzymes and Vitamins The primary function of vitamins in living organisms is to serve as cofactors for chemical reactions involving enzymes. Although a cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound, cofactors are tied to a protein and is necessary for proteins to perform its biological functions. These types of proteins are almost always a kind of enzyme and cofactors can be thought as of â€Å"helpers† in performing its transformation. Vitamins or derivatives of vitamins make up an organic cofactor. 7. Chemosynthesis is the process by which organisms generate their own energy through chemical reaction rather than sunlight. This process converts carbon substances and nutrients into organic form (hydrocarbon) by oxidation as an energy source. 8. In the process called Glycolysis, requires two ATP’s to break down glucose into phosphoglyceraldehyde (2 PGAL). In the 2nd stage of glycolysis, the 2 PGAL’s are then broken into 2 pyruvates. This stage produces 4 ATP’s and 2 NADH’s. The net ATP production is 2 ATP’s as in the same case with the Krebs Cycle. 9. Stages in Photosynthesis The process of photosynthesis starts with the accumulation of substances needed by the process. These substances are carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O) and, of course, sunlight to be processed in the leaf’s chloroplasts. Sunlight then is converted into an energy form called ATP and NADPH. The sunlight absorbed through the stomata follows as certain chain of processing and results in the production of ATP, NADPH and oxygen. This process is called light reaction. Utilizing the ATP and NADPH, carbon dioxide is then converted into sugar. The resulting sugar is then broken down into two molecules called glucose and fructose, molecules that make up sucrose and sugar. The process is called dark reaction. 10. Assuming Photosynthesis I and Photosynthesis II refers to Light Reaction and Dark reactions: During light reactions electrons react as light strikes the chlorophyll. This results to the formation of ATP and NADPH. Also, water undergoes chemical reaction splitting oxygen and hydrogen. Carbon dioxide is accumulated from the atmosphere, hydrogen is added producing carbohydrates. This process is called carbon fixation. In the case of dark reactions, carbon dioxide is accumulated by a 5-C chemical called ribulose biphosphate (RuBP). Six molecules of carbon dioxide go in the Calvin Cycle, creating a glucose molecule. TP and NADPH created is used to attach phosphates into the PGA. Residual PGAL molecules are converted to reform 6 molecules of RuBP repeating the cycle again. REFERENCES Enger, E. D. , Ross, F. C. , Bailey, D. B. (2009). Concepts in biology (13th ed. ). New York: McGraw-Hill. Turner W. (January 1890). The Cell Theory, Past and Present BIOS 100 Lecture Material Online. Fall 2004. Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and other Energy-Releasing Pathways. May 15, 2009. http://www. bio. miami. edu/~cmallery/255/255hist/cell_theory. htm

Digital Voltmeter Using An 8051 Microcontroller Computer Science Essay

Digital Voltmeter Using An 8051 Microcontroller Computer Science Essay A voltmeter finds its importance wherever voltage is to be measured. A  voltmeter  is an instrument used for measuring the  electrical potential  difference between two points in an electric circuit. Analog voltmeters move a pointer across a scale in proportion to the voltage of the circuit. General purpose analog voltmeters may have an accuracy of a few per cent of full scale, and are used with voltages from a fraction of a volt to several thousand volts. Digital voltmeters give a numerical display of voltage by use of analog to digital converter. Digital meters can be made with high accuracy, typically better than 1%. Specially calibrated test instruments have higher accuracies, with laboratory instruments capable of measuring to accuracies of a few parts per million. Meters using  amplifiers  can measure tiny voltages of micro-volts or less. Digital voltmeters (DVMs) are usually designed around a special type of  analog-to-digital converter  called an  integrating converter. Voltmeter accuracy is affected by many factors, including temperature and supply voltage variations. To ensure that a digital voltmeters reading is within the manufacturers specified tolerances, they should be periodically calibrated. Digital voltmeters necessarily have input amplifiers, and, like vacuum tube voltmeters, generally have a constant input resistance of 10 mega-ohms regardless of set measurement range. This project aims at building a Digital Voltmeter using an 8051 microcontroller. All the data accessed and processed by the microcontroller is the digital data. And thus, the usage of an analog-to-digital converter finds its necessity here. A standard analog-to-digital converter ADC0804 is used in the current project. The input voltage (which is the analog input) is restricted to be in the range of 0-15V. The processed data in the 8051 is used to drive a display output on a LCD display unit. The display is in the form of digits and is accurate to a value of one decimal. The input voltage is desired to be that of a DC voltage for steady observations of the voltage value on the LCD panel. Rather, if an AC input voltage is given at the input terminals, the output varies indefinitely as is the nature of AC voltage. Thus, the instantaneous value of the AC voltage is not steadily shown on the LCD panel. COMPONENTS Following is the entire set of the components used to build the Digital Voltmeter: Microcontroller, AT89S52 Analog-to-Digital Converter, ADC0804 161 LCD Oscillator circuit for the microcontroller 12MHz Crystal Capacitor 33pF Capacitors Voltage divider circuit/ Input terminals 200k, 100k Resistors 100nF Capacitor ADC Clock Circuit 10k Resistor 150pF Capacitor 100k Potentiometer (to adjust the back-light of the LCD) Description of the Components used Microcontroller, AT89S52 Æ’Â   The AT89S51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 4K bytes of In-System Programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density non-volatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pin-out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional non-volatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with In-System Programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S51 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The AT89S51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM con-tents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next external interrupt or hardware reset. Pin configuration of the AT89S52 is as follows: 40-Lead PDIP VCC Supply voltage. GND Ground. Port 0 Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification. Port 1 Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification. P1.5 MOSI (used for In-System Programming) P1.6 MISO (used for In-System Programming) P1.7 SCK (used for In-System Programming) Port 2 Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification. Port 3 Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S51, as shown in the following table. Alternate functions of port 3, P3.0 RXD (serial input port) P3.1 TXD (serial output port) P3.2 INT0 (external interrupt 0) P3.3 INT1 (external interrupt 1) P3.4 T0 (timer 0 external input) P3.5 T1 (timer 1 external input) P3.6 WR (external data memory write strobe) P3.7 RD (external data memory read strobe) RST Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives High for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DIS-RTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO, the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled. ALE/PROG Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode. PSEN Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory. EA/VPP External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming. XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. XTAL2 Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier. Memory Organisation, Program Memory: If the EA pin is connected to GND, all program fetches are directed to external memory. On the AT89S51, if EA is connected to VCC, program fetches to addresses 0000H through FFFH are directed to internal memory and fetches to addresses 1000H through FFFFH are directed to external memory. Data Memory: The AT89S51 implements 128 bytes of on-chip RAM. The 128 bytes are accessible via direct and indirect addressing modes. Stack operations are examples of indirect addressing, so the 128 bytes of data RAM are available as stack space. Interrupts: The AT89S51 has a total of five interrupt vectors: two external interrupts (INT0 and INT1), two timer interrupts (Timers 0 and 1), and the serial port interrupt. Each of these interrupt sources can be individually enabled or disabled by setting or clearing a bit in Special Function Register IE. IE also contains a global disable bit, EA, which disables all interrupts at once. The Timer 0 and Timer 1 flags, TF0 and TF1, are set at S5P2 of the cycle in which the timers overflow. The values are then polled by the circuitry in the next cycle. ADC0804 Æ’Â   The ADC080X family are CMOS 8-Bit, successive approximation A/D converters which use a modified potentiometric ladder and are designed to operate with the 8080A control bus via three-state outputs. These converters appear to the processor as memory locations or I/O ports, and hence no interfacing logic is required. The differential analog voltage input has good common-mode-rejection and permits offsetting the analog zero input voltage value. In addition, the voltage reference input can be adjusted to a low encoding any smaller analog voltage span to the full 8 bits of resolution. The functional diagram of the ADC080X series of A/D converters operates on the successive approximation principle. Analog switches are closed sequentially by successive-approximation logic until the analog differential input voltage [VlN(+) VlN(-)] matches a voltage derived from a tapped resistor string across the reference voltage. The most significant bit is tested first and after 8 comparisons (64 clock cycles), an 8- bit binary code (1111 1111 = full scale) is transferred to an output latch. The normal operation proceeds as follows. On the high-to-low transition of the WR input, the internal SAR latches and the shift-register stages are reset, and the INTR output will be set high. As long as the CS input and WR input remain low, the A/D will remain in a reset state. Conversion will start from 1 to 8 clock periods after at least one of these inputs makes a low to high transition. After the requisite number of clock pulses to complete the conversion, the INTR pin will make a high- to-low transition. This can be used to interrupt a processor, or otherwise signal the availability of a new conversion. A RD operation (with CS low) will clear the INTR line high again. The device may be operated in the free-running mode connecting INTR to the WR input with CS = 0. To ensure start-up under all possible conditions, an external WR pulse is required during the first power-up cycle. A conversion in process can be interrupted by issuing a second start command. Digital Operation The converter is started by having CS and WR simultaneously low. This sets the start flip-flop (F/F) and the resulting 1 level resets the 8-bit shift register, resets the Interrupt (INTR) F/F and inputs a 1 to the D flip-flop, DFF1, which is at the input end of the 8-bit shift register. Internal clock signals then transfer this 1 to the Q output of DFF1. The AND gate, G1, combines this 1 output with a clock signal to provide a reset signal to the start F/F. If the set signal is no longer present (either WR or CS is a 1), the start F/F is reset and the 8-bit shift register then can have the 1 clocked in, which starts the conversion process. If the set signal were to still be present, this reset pulse would have no effect (both outputs of the start F/F would be at a 1 level) and the 8-bit shift register would continue to be held in the reset mode. This allows for asynchronous or wide CS and WR signals. After the 1 is clocked through the 8-bit shift register (which completes the SAR ope ration) it appears as the input to DFF2. As soon as this 1 is output from the shift register, the AND gate, G2, causes the new digital word to transfer to the Three-State output latches. When DFF2 is subsequently clocked, the Q output makes a high-to-low transition which causes the INTR F/F to set. An inverting buffer then supplies the INTR output signal. When data is to be read, the combination of both CS and RD being low will cause the INTR F/F to be reset and the three state output latches will be enabled to provide the 8-bit digital outputs. Digital Control Inputs The digital control inputs (CS, RD, and WR) meet standard TTL logic voltage levels. These signals are essentially equivalent to the standard A/D Start and Output Enable control signals, and are active low to allow an easy interface to microprocessor control busses. For non-microprocessor based applications, the CS input (pin 1) can be grounded and the standard A/D Start function obtained by an active low pulse at the WR input (pin 3). The Output Enable function is achieved by an active low pulse at the RD input (pin 2). Analog Operation The analog comparisons are performed by a capacitive charge summing circuit. Three capacitors (with precise ratioed values) share a common node with the input to an autozeroed comparator. The input capacitor is switched between VlN(+) and VlN(-), while two ratioed reference capacitors are switched between taps on the reference voltage divider string. The net charge corresponds to the weighted difference between the input and the current total value set by the successive approximation register. A correction is made to offset the comparison by 1/2 LSB. Analog Differential Voltage Inputs and Common- Mode Rejection This A/D gains considerable applications flexibility from the analog differential voltage input. The VlN(-) input (pin 7) can be used to automatically subtract a fixed voltage value from the input reading (tare correction). This is also useful in 4mA 20mA current loop conversion. In addition, common-mode noise can be reduced by use of the differential input. The time interval between sampling VIN(+) and VlN(-) is 41/2 clock periods. There is maximum error voltage due to this slight time difference between the input voltage samples. The allowed range of analog input voltage usually places more severe restrictions on input common-mode voltage levels than this. An analog input voltage with a reduced span and a relatively large zero offset can be easily handled by making use of the differential input. Analog Input Current The internal switching action causes displacement currents to flow at the analog inputs. The voltage on the on-chip capacitance to ground is switched through the analog differential input voltage, resulting in proportional currents entering the VIN(+) input and leaving the VIN(-) input. These current transients occur at the leading edge of the internal clocks. They rapidly decay and do not inherently cause errors as the on-chip comparator is strobed at the end of the clock period. Input Bypass Capacitors Bypass capacitors at the inputs will average these charges and cause a DC current to flow through the output resistances of the analog signal sources. This charge pumping action is worse for continuous conversions with the VIN(+) input voltage at full scale. For a 640kHz clock frequency with the VIN(+) input at 5V, this DC current is at a maximum of approximately 5uA. Therefore, bypass capacitors should not be used at the analog inputs or the VREF/2 pin for high resistance sources (>1kOhm.) If input bypass capacitors are necessary for noise filtering and high source resistance is desirable to minimize capacitor size, the effects of the voltage drop across this input resistance, due to the average value of the input current, can be compensated by a full scale adjustment while the given source resistor and input bypass capacitor are both in place. This is possible because the average value of the input current is a precise linear function of the differential input voltage at a constant conversion rate. Input Source Resistance Large values of source resistance where an input bypass capacitor is not used will not cause errors since the input currents settle out prior to the comparison time. If a low-pass filter is required in the system, use a low-value series resistor for a passive RC section or add an op amp RC active low-pass filter. For low-source-resistance applications, a 0.1uF bypass capacitor at the inputs will minimize EMI due to the series lead inductance of a long wire. A 100Ohm series resistor can be used to isolate this capacitor (both the R and C are placed outside the feedback loop) from the output of an op amp, if used. Stray Pickup The leads to the analog inputs (pins 6 and 7) should be kept as short as possible to minimize stray signal pickup (EMI). Both EMI and undesired digital-clock coupling to these inputs can cause system errors. The source resistance for these inputs should, in general, be kept below 5kÃŽÂ ©. Larger values of source resistance can cause undesired signal pickup. Input bypass capacitors, placed from the analog inputs to ground, will eliminate this pickup but can create analog scale errors as these capacitors will average the transient input switching currents of the A/D (see Analog Input Current). This scale error depends on both a large source resistance and the use of an input bypass capacitor. This error can be compensated by a full scale adjustment of the A/D (see Full Scale Adjustment) with the source resistance and input bypass capacitor in place, and the desired conversion rate. Reference Voltage Span Adjust For maximum application flexibility, these A/Ds have been designed to accommodate a 5V, 2.5V or an adjusted voltage reference. This has been achieved in the design of the IC. Notice that the reference voltage for the IC is either 1/2 of the voltage which is applied to the V+ supply pin, or is equal to the voltage which is externally forced at the VREF/2 pin. This allows for a pseudo-ratiometric voltage reference using, for the V+ supply, a 5V reference voltage. Alternatively, a voltage less than 2.5V can be applied to the VREF/2 input. The internal gain to the VREF/2 input is 2 to allow this factor of 2 reduction in the reference voltage. Zero Error The zero of the A/D does not require adjustment. If the minimum analog input voltage value, VlN(MlN), is not ground, a zero offset can be done. The converter can be made to output 0000 0000 digital code for this minimum input voltage by biasing the A/D VIN(-) input at this VlN(MlN) value. This utilizes the differential mode operation of the A/D. The zero error of the A/D converter relates to the location of the first riser of the transfer function and can be measured by grounding the VIN(-) input and applying a small magnitude positive voltage to the VIN(+) input. Zero error is the difference between the actual DC input voltage which is necessary to just cause an output digital code transition from 0000 0000 to 0000 0001 and the ideal 1/2 LSB value (1/2 LSB = 9.8mV for VREF/2 = 2.500V). Full Scale Adjust The full scale adjustment can be made by applying a differential input voltage which is 11/2 LSB down from the desired analog full scale voltage range and then adjusting the magnitude of the VREF/2 input (pin 9) for a digital output code which is just changing from 1111 1110 to 1111 1111. When offsetting the zero and using a span-adjusted VREF/2 voltage, the full scale adjustment is made by inputting VMlN to the VIN(-) input of the A/D and applying a voltage to the VIN(+) input. Clocking Option The clock for the A/D can be derived from an external source such as the CPU clock or an external RC network can be added to provide self-clocking. The CLK IN (pin 4) makes use of a Schmitt trigger. Heavy capacitive or DC loading of the CLK R pin should be avoided as this will disturb normal converter operation. Loads less than 50pF, such as driving up to 7 A/D converter clock inputs from a single CLK R pin of 1 converter, are allowed. For larger clock line loading, a CMOS or low power TTL buffer or PNP input logic should be used to minimize the loading on the CLK R pin (do not use a standard TTL buffer). Restart During a Conversion If the A/D is restarted (CS and WR go low and return high) during a conversion, the converter is reset and a new conversion is started. The output data latch is not updated if the conversion in progress is not completed. The data from the previous conversion remain in this latch. Continuous Conversions In this application, the CS input is grounded and the WR input is tied to the INTR output. This WR and INTR node should be momentarily forced to logic low following a power-up cycle to insure circuit operation. Interfacing the Microcontroller Interfacing the ADC0804 with 8051 Æ’Â   As shown in the typica circuit, ADC0804 can be interfaced with any microcontroller. A minimum of 11 pins are required to interface the ADC0804, eight for data pins and 3 for control pins. As shown in the typical circuit the chip select pin can be made low if you are not using the microcontroller port for any other  peripheral  (multiplexing). There is a  universal  rule to find out how to use an IC. All we need is the datasheet of the IC we are working with and a look at the  timing diagram  of the IC which shows how to send the data, which signal to assert and at what time  the signal  should be made high or low, etc. Timing Diagrams, Pin Description 1.  Ã‚  CS, Chip Select: This is an active low pin and used to activate the ADC0804. 2.  Ã‚  RD, Read: This is an input pin and active low. After converting the analog data, the ADC stores the result in an internal register. This pin is used to get the data out of the ADC 0804 chip. When CS=0 high to low pulse is given to this pin, the digital output is shown on the pins D0-D7. 3.  Ã‚  WR, Write: This is an input pin and active low. This is used to instruct the ADC to start the conversion process. If CS=0 and WR makes a low to high transition, the ADC starts the conversion process. 4.  Ã‚  CLK IN, Clock IN: This is an input pin connected to an external clock source. 5.  Ã‚  INTR, Interrupt: This is an active low output pin. This pin goes low when the conversion is over. 6.   Vin+ : Analog Input . 7.   Vin- : Analog Input. Connected to ground. 8.  Ã‚  AGND: Analog Ground. 9.  Ã‚  Vref/2: This pin is used to set the reference voltage. If this is not connected the default reference voltage is 5V. In some application it is required to reduce the step size. This can be done by using this pin. 10.   DGND: Digital Ground. 11-18. Output Data Bits (D7-D0). 19. CLKR: Clock Reset. 20. Vcc: Positive Supply The above timing diagrams are from ADC0804 datasheet. The first diagram shows how to start a conversion. Also you can see which signals are to be asserted and at what time to start a conversion. So looking into the timing diagram  we note down the steps or say the order in which signals are to be asserted to start a conversion of ADC. As we have decided to make Chip select pin as low so we need not to bother about the CS signal in the  timing diagram. Below steps are for starting an ADC conversion. I am also including CS signal to give you a clear picture. While programming we will not use this signal. Make chip select (CS) signal low. Make write (WR) signal low. Make chip select (CS) high. Wait for INTR pin to go low (means conversion ends). Once the conversion in ADC is done, the data is available in the output latch of the ADC. Looking at the second diagram, which shows the  timing diagram  of  how to read  the converted value from the output latch of the ADC, data of the new conversion is only available for reading after ADC0804 made INTR pin low or say when the conversion is over. Below are the steps to read output from the ADC0804. Make chip select (CS) pin low. Make read (RD) signal low. Read the data from port where ADC is connected. Make read (RD) signal high. Make chip select (CS) high. Interfacing the LCD with 8051 Æ’Â   Pin Information of LCD: Pin No Name Description 1 Vss Ground 2 Vdd +5V 3 Vee Contrast Adjustment -2V to -5V 4 RS Register Select 5 RW 1 -Read , 0- Write 6 E Enable Strobe 7 D0 Data Line 8 D1 Data Line 9 D2 Data Line 10 D3 Data Line 11 D4 Data Line 12 D5 Data Line 13 D6 Data Line 14 D7 Data Line 15 LED+ Backlit LED +V   Vdd (Optional signal) 16 LED- Backlit LED -V   Vss (Optional signal) Algorithm to send data to LCD: 1.Make R/W low 2.Make RS=0 ;if data byte is command RS=1 ;if data byte is data (ASCII value) 3.Place data byte on data register 4.Pulse E (HIGH to LOW) 5.Repeat the steps to send another data byte LCD Initialization: Proper working of LCD depend on the how the LCD is initialized. We have to send few command bytes to initialize the LCD. Simple steps to initialize the LCD Specify function set: Send  38H  for 8-bit, double line and 57 dot character format. Display On-Off control: Send  0FH  for display and blink cursor on. Entry mode set: Send  06H  for cursor in increment position and shift is invisible. Clear display: Send  01H  to clear display and return cursor to home position. Writing software: The LCD module is an intelligent component. We communicate to LCD module by sending commands from microcontroller. To write data to LCD module separate sequence is followed for 4 bit and 8 bit mode. Writing command for 8 Bit mode: Write 8 bit data on D0-D7 Generate strobe by taking EN from high to low Writing command for 4 Bit mode: Write 4 bit data (upper nibble) on D4-D7 Generate strobe by taking EN from high to low Write 4 bit data (lower nibble) on D4-D7 Generate strobe by taking EN from high to low LCD Commands:   Instruction RS RW D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 Description NOP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 No Operation Clear Display 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Clear Display and Address counter = 0 Cursor Home 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x Address counter = 0 Entry mode set 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 I/D S Set cursor direction(I/D) and auto display shift (S) Display Control 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 D C B Turn display (D) and cursor (C) ON/OFF. Set cursor blinking(B) Cursor/ Display shift 0 0 0 0 0 1 S R/L x x Shift display/cursor (S), specify direction (R/L) Function set 0 0 0 0 1 DL N F x x Set Interface data width (DL), number of display lines (N), character font (F) Set CGRAM Address 0 0 0 1 Set CGRAM address (D0-D5), CGRAM data is sent after this command Set DDRAM Address 0 0 1 Set DDRAM address (D0-D6), DDRAM data is sent after this command Busy Flag and Address 0 1 BF Read busy flag (BF) and address counter(D0-D6) Write Data 1 0 Write data (D0-D7) into DDRAM/CGRAM Read Data 1 1 Read data (D0-D7) from DDRAM/CGRAM Legends used in table:- I/D:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1- Increment, 0- Decrement S:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1- Auto Display shift, 0 No display shift D:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1- Display ON, 0 Display OFF C:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1- Cursor ON, 0- Cursor OFF B:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1- Cursor blinking ON, 0 Cursor blinking OFF S:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1- Display Shift, 0 -Cursor move R/L:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1- Shift right, 0- Shift left DL:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1- 8 bit interface, 0- 4 bit interface N:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1- 2 lines, 0- 1 line F:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1- 5X10 dots font, 0- 5X7 dots f

The Truth About Lying General Statements English Literature Essay

The Truth About Lying General Statements English Literature Essay Is it not amazing that lying has become so common in the world that people forget the difference between the reality and falsehood? Everyone associates with lies so often that one underestimates its effects. Arthur Miller does a great job showing the bad impact lies tend to have on individuals in his play Death of a Salesman. Claims: 1. Every day lies cause harm to ones trust in a relationship. 2. Moreover, lies cause one to become emotionally unstable. 3. Along with emotional effects, lies cause ones social life to flow down the drain. Thesis: Lies are obstacles that harm ones internal states of life which makes one unable to communicate with everyone. Topic Sentence: Although lies are used to avoid hurting ones relationship, they destroy the trust between people. Example 1: Take Willy from Mr. Millers play, Death of a Salesman as an example, his son, Biff tells him, You -You gave her Mamas stockings! Dont touch me, you -liar! You fake! You phony little fake! You fake! (Miller, 121) Biff has basically stopped believing in his father and does not want hear anything from him. Explanation 1: Therefore, lies damage the trust in a relationship, which leads to unsuccessful relationships between the liar and their family. As a result, unnecessary conflicts are created between people, which affect the atmosphere of the play. Concluding Sentence: As people begin to lie, the lies create a boundary between loved ones, which causes one not to trust the liar anymore. Topic Sentence: Moreover, lies not only destroy trust in a relationship, but they also torture one emotionally. Example 1: In the play Death of a Salesman, Willy is always lying to his family about his success in his job, but in the end he cannot control himself and he bursts out telling the truth. He begins by telling Linda, Oh, Ill knock em dead next week. Ill go to Hartford. Im very well liked in Hartford. You know, the trouble is, Linda, people dont seem to take me. I know it when I walk in. They seem to laugh at me. (Miller, 36) He finishes with telling Linda how fat and foolish he looks. Explanation 1: Lies are always neglecting ones true abilities which tears one down to a point where one cannot control his or her emotions when the truth seems to confront them often. Initially lies stand in front of one to protect them from feeling ashamed of the truth and in the end that favour harms one so deeply that they want to die. Example 2: In Death of a Salesman, Willy explodes at Linda by saying, Theres nothing the matter with him (Biff). Hes got spirit, personality Loaded with it. Loaded!What is he stealing? Hes giving it back, isnt he? What did I tell him? I never in my life told him anything but decent things. (Miller, 40-41) Explanation 2: Once one begins to hide the truth from him or herself, he or she begins to think that, that lie has become their reality and starts to become aggressive. As a result, lies cause one to become emotionally weak; therefore one cannot control his or her emotions. As shown in this situation Willy becomes angry and makes Linda cry and does not realize that he is harming Biffs life by teaching him not so decent things. Concluding Sentence: Lies emotionally stress out each and every individual to a certain extent that can harm ones life because for every moment one stands by these lies the liar becomes weaker and weaker to defend themselves against someone. Topic Sentence: Furthermore, lies cause one to lack communication skills and lose their connections with people around them. Example 1: Mr. Miller clearly shows this in his play, mentioned before, when Willy asks Howard for a new placement at his job using lies. Willy demandingly states, I averaged a hundred and seventy dollars a week in the year of 1928! (Miller, 82) Howard replies impatiently, Youll have to excuse me, Willy, I gotta see some people. (Miller, 82) Explanation 1: Lies make one become a person that will not take no for an answer. While enforcing their lies upon everyone they meet, individuals lack the ability to communicate with one another professionally because they sound rude and obnoxious. This causes people to think twice before they talk to this person. Example 2: This is also demonstrated in the play Death of a Salesman when Biff says, How the hell did I ever get the idea I was a salesman there? I even believed myself that Id been a salesman for him! And then he gave me one look and -I realized what a ridiculous lies my whole life has been! (Miller, 104) Explanation 2: Lying contributes to the failure to communicate with someone because one cannot justify why one needs something because one realizes his or her life is a lie and feels ashamed of expecting a lot more out of their lies. Concluding Sentence: As said before, lying only means harm to each individual; it causes one to lose all their contacts from the past and future. Restated Thesis: Lies are harmful words that destroy one from within their body to outside their body. Claims: 1. The trust between individuals or groups is broken. 2. Lies cause one to become sensitive and sometimes forceful. 3. Lying also causes communication with one another to decrease. General Statement: One must understand lies are not reality, but are rather what lead one to their doom. *Ms. Weisman I did not know if for the thesis we were suppose to include the title of the play so I just included it in general statements because I was taught not to from previous English classes* Work Cited Miller, Arthur. Death of a Salesman. New York: Penguin Books, 1976.

Down Syndrome Essay examples -- Mental Retardation Mentally Retarded

Down syndrome Down syndrome takes its name from Dr. Langdon Down. He was the first person to describe the syndrome in 1866. The earliest recorded incident of someone having Down syndrome dates back to an altar piece painted in a church in Aachen, Germany in 1504. Although the syndrome is named after Dr Langdon Down, he did not understand the condition, as we know it today. The syndrome was referred to as having mongolism. This was because people who have Down syndrome have similar physical characteristics to those people of oriental heritage. The diagnosis of the syndrome can be made shortly after birth. Most parents who find out their child has it have conflicting emotions. These can include shock, feelings of disbelief, feelings of sorrow, guilt and feelings of embarrassment. In the past, most babies who had Down syndrome were put into an institution. Today the trend is to keep the child at home and have the child became a functioning member of society. Having a handicapped child can cause great stress. There is also a problem of explaining the condition to the other siblings. Down syndrome should not be explained to the other siblings as an illness. They should be told the child has a handicap. Parents should also be careful not to spend all their time with the child that has Down syndrome and spend equal time with all their children. Other relatives and friends should be told as soon as possible. It will normally make other people uncomfortable. They may not understand what the parent is feeling and say inappropriate things. Down syndrome is one of the most common chromomal defects. It occurs in about 1 out of 800 births. The probability of having a child with Down syndrome increases with the mother’s age. The rate for women in their twenties is about 1 in 2000 births. This number increases dramatically for a women in her forties to about 1 in 100. The cause of Down syndrome is an extra chromosome. In 95 percent of the cases, the child has three instead of two chromosomes on the 21 chromosome. There is a test called amniocentesis that can tell the mother if her child will have Down syndrome. Amniocentesis involves inserting a needle into the amniotic sac to withdraw a small about of the amniotic fluid. The cells in the fluid are then analyzed to see if the child has Down syndrome. There is small risk of a miscarriage or infection to the uteru... ... to enjoy life in a way that other people cannot. They were so grateful for the attention that you showed them. Just like anyone else, they had their good days and bad days. The clients that had Downs were always the first ones on the dance floor when they had parties and they always had a smile on their face. In the last twenty years, there has been a push to get mental retarded people into the mainstream of society. Most adults with Downs syndrome will need some help daily activties. Independent living centers has replaced large institutions. These living centers usually have about four to twelve clients living there, the center I worked at had two houses and there were ten people in each house. They worked at a company putting wicks in candles and really enjoyed their job. They were responsible for cleaning their rooms and bathrooms. They also had different chores to do around the house such as mopping the floor and helping with dinner. Every night there were activities planned such as watching movies or doing arts and crafts. It was a great experience working with the clients. That is one of the main reason I decided to go back to school and pursue a degree in social work.

Race Relations in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou Essay

Race Relations in I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou The reasons listed by the censors for banning I Know Why the Cage Bird Sings do not explain the widespread controversy around the novel. There is reason to believe that the question of the novel is in its poignant portrayal of race relations. This explains why the novel has been most controversial in the South, where racial tension is historically worst, and where the novel is partially set. Therefore, understanding the blatant and subtle effects of racism on the young Marguerite help explain the censorship controversy, and the person she became. One of the earliest examples of race relations in the book symbolizes the strict dichotomy of opportunity for black and white children. On the second page, Marguerite explains how she wished that she would wake up in a white world, with blond hair, blue eyes, and she would shudder from the nightmare of being black. Thus, from the beginning of the book, race relations were one of the major themes. Maya Angelou also shows the effect of oppression on the black people, and that impact on her as a child. One early example occurred when the po' white trash children confronted Mama in front of the store. They were represented as clownish, dirty, and rather silly. On the other hand, Mama simply stood like a rock and sang the Gospel. Her beauty of soul versus their disgusting antics creates a powerful scene about the nature of the oppressed and the oppressor. Marguerite, meanwhile, lies crouched behind the screen in agony at the inability of her class to command respect simply because of their color. Then, as the scene progresses, she understands that in spite of the disparity of power between the po'white trash and M... ...ice. It is interesting to note the poetical nature of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Her perspective of a young girl is flawless. One truly sees the events through the eyes of a young girl. For example, the molestation scenes are depicted simply and innocently, which bothers one's consciousness. Another aspect of the book is the way in which the chapters are laid out. At the beginning of each chapter, Maya introduces a topic, discusses it, and then provides resolution. Each chapter is a short story by itself, but they also relate together. The chapters build on each other, and the end provides resolution to the common threads of the book. The end, however, also is a new beginning for Marguerite. It is the perfect ending to a profound and moving novel. Works Cited: Angelou, Maya. I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. New York: Random House, 1969. Â  

Drawing Essay

I believe drawing is the single most important skill for any visual artist to acquire, whether they are a painter, illustrator, graphic designer, or fashion designer. It is simply the act of â€Å"seeing† made visual. When one learns how to draw, what they are really learning is the ability to see more clearly and communicate what they see or can imagine. As such, drawing is a tool for study, and communication even before it is a tool for making art. When you draw a picture, do you draw the character in blocks first or what? I just can’t seem to get my characters anatomically right. I saw your booklist on your site. Do you know of any books which teach you to draw the body in blocks? From Christine Lau I don’t draw â€Å"blocks† first when drawing a figure. Usually I’ll do a very loose, light, scribbly â€Å"gesture† drawing instead. If you want to learn the â€Å"blocks† method, try any of the books by George Bridgeman, Andrew Loomis, or the books by Robert Beverly Hale. (all are listed on my site) Avoid books by Burne Hogarth, (one of my old teachers) as they aren’t very accurate and can be very misleading. (note: Glenn Vilppu’s books are also an excellent source!) By far, the best book for anatomy though is the book by Stephen Rogers Peck (also on the site). There is no â€Å"quick fix† for drawing anatomy†¦it just takes a few years of study. Keep it up though, it’s worth it once you get a handle on it!!! p.s. Also, draw from live nude models as much as possible, that’s the best method to learn it. †¦What is the hardest thing to draw? From Everybody! Nothing is really harder or easier to draw in a mechanical sense. If a person can draw one thing, they are perfectly capable of drawing something else with the same degree of accuracy. The problem is in the phrase â€Å"the same degree of accuracy.† If someone says they can draw, for instance, landscapes, but they can’t draw people, what they are really saying is, â€Å"when I draw landscapes, I draw well enough that no one can tell what I’ve drawn incorrectly.† The reason people, and especially faces, are so difficult to draw is not because they themselves are any harder to draw than a tree. What changes is our tolerance as viewers for any degree of inaccuracy. We are so intimately familiar with faces and their associated nuances, that the slightest deviation appears as a gross misproportion. Because of this, I am constantly demanding my students draw people, and especially self-portraits, because they effectively highlight any weak skill areas that need attention. My students erroneously believe it’s because I’m sadistic. †¦What purpose does drawing have for artists today? From Carole (Shropshire, United Kingdom) I think people often misrepresent drawing as a medium, or group of mediums, rather than an activity. I see drawing as the visual equivalent of language. It is simply the way we communicate ideas visually through a series of marks on a ground. So to rephrase the question, it is a little like asking â€Å"What purpose does speaking have for people today?† For both, the answer I would give is the communication of information. This information can take the form of ideas, thoughts, commentary, entertainment, or just literal facts, but for all of these, drawing is just the mode of transmission. How artfully this is done is another, separate, issue. In the case of artists specifically, it is the fastest and most efficient way to represent an idea visually. Far more immediate than any other way of doing it, a quickly drawn sketch or thumbnail is usually the â€Å"first look† an artist has at how they might execute an idea.

Inflation & The rise of cost Essay

Inflation can be defined as the rise of cost of goods and services in a country; and therefore the cost of living. Inflation can be measured when the cost of a product/service increases over a period of time and therefore decreases the value of money in an economy. Inflation is bad for the economy because of many reasons. One of the reasons is because inflation can decrease the value of money over time and therefore decrease the purchasing power for common people. Apart from that, it tends to create a lot of uncertainty in the economy for producers and buyers. When there is uncertainty in the economy, this leads to a lower level of investment as people are not confident enough to invest, and as a result this leads to a lower economic growth. Inflation also tends to discourage entrepreneurs to expand their businesses or to start a new business because of the high cost of goods and services. This therefore reduces competitiveness in the market which also affects international trades. When there are fewer businesses expanding or opening up, employment rate reduces which increases the level of unemployment rate. When unemployment rates are high, the crime rates increases as people find ways to survive and this affects the safety of the society. On the other hand, a lot of resources are wasted during inflation. For example, during the inflation period, people tend to save their money and spend less; therefore companies have a lower demand rate and have a high wastage on raw materials that were purchased earlier. High inflation rates also make the economy unsustainable as it’s not strong. Source from the US Inflation Calculator, 2009. The graph above shows the inflation rates from the year 2000-2009 in the US. As shown, there was a 3. 8% inflation rate in the year 2008, and has gone down to 0. 2% in 2009. References: US Inflation Calculator (2009) Retrieved on 28th March 2009. http://www. usinflationcalculator. com/inflation/current-inflation-rates/ Inflation fact sheet (2009) Why is Inflation Bad? Retrieved on 28th March 2009. www. reservebank. co. za/internet/Publication. nsf/LADV/C1E04C14CD41930A42257037003E1C24/$File/Factsheet2. pdf

Creative Writing and High School Essay

Creativity is Everything: You can Make Writing Fun by being Creative If someone was to come up to me and ask me what kind of writer I am, I’d say that I someone who enjoys making up fairy tales along with reading and watching movies about fairy tales. I am a writer who likes to use their imagination, this is due to the kinds of books that I use to read. I wanted to be the next Dr. Seuss. Growing up, my imagination is all I really had. My family had to move a lot because my dad always had to switch jobs. We’d move to different states every couple of months, sometimes we’d stay for a year or two. I never really had anything stable. I couldn’t participate in any sports or extra-curricular activities. There was one thing that I did have though, I had my imagination. With my imagination, I drew the weirdest pictures and wrote from the most magical to the most gruesome stories I could. I always had myself occupied with my stories. I was never bored when we were on the road, I’d be writing random ideas for stories in my spiral notebook if we were on the road and read books like there was no tomorrow. I made writing and reading fun for myself and I enjoyed doing it. My Timeline with Reading As with all children, they being with their parents reading bedtime stories to them. I loved being read to at night. My favorite bedtime books were several Dr. Seuss books like One Fish, Two Fish, Red Fish, Blue Fish and Green Eggs and Ham. As I got older I began to read poetry more than anything. My all time favorite author is Shel Silverstein; he is one of the most brilliant and talented poets. He has helped me improve in my reading, as well as my writing. Some of the books I could never put down was The Missing Piece, The Giving Tree, and Where the Sidewalk Ends. Throughout my elementary days to middle school and high school, I have read at least over one hundred books, written vigorious reports over the years and have changed my point of view towards reading and writing all together. 1984 by George Orwell did it for me, along with Lord of the Flies; I read these two books my senior year and they really made an impact on me. 1984 really freaked me out, it had me thinking, what if there really is a â€Å"Big Brother† in our world; Lord of the Flies made me realise that there are monsters in all of us, and only some of us are pure and innocent, like Simon was. Transforming from Doodle Writer to Competitive Writer In 2004, I was located in the Belleville/Canton area here in Michigan. I attended Henry Ford Elementary. My teacher’s name was Ms. Dixon. This wonderful woman was the one who really started to get me into writing a lot more . At Henry Ford, we had an annual fourth and fifth grade writing contest. No fourth grader ever wanted to enter it, but they still did to try to impress each other with their stories. Looking back, I felt skeptical about doing the writing contest. I had no idea what I should write about! I was having a writer’s block. No good ideas came to mind; I was stumped. A few students in my class chose to write about their pets or what they wanted to be when they grew up, but that just wasn’t my style. After a couple of days, something popped into my head. Halloween was around the corner shortly; I decided to try to come up with a nasty, disgusting story that formed around the Halloween theme. I started to brainstorm, then it hit me. The perfect idea for a story. It was gruesome, disturbing, creepy, and just nothing you’d think a fourth grader would write about. My very short, scary, story was about a two-headed baby who was found behind a dumpster on evening, the parents took the baby into their home. Come to find out the baby is a cold-blooded murder; one who slaughtered anything in its path (I told you that you wouldn’t think that a fourth grader would write about something like this). I ended up winning second place in the writing contest, that’s when my writing started to expand. Progressing throughout School with Writing and Reading As time went on, I was out of elementary school and into middle school. This was the time when book reports really made me not like writing. As much as I am a book reader over a writer, writing papers on books†¦ It was just wrong in my mind. I wrote book reports on Helen Keller, astronauts, Rosa Parks, the Holocaust, etc. I never really enjoyed the reports, they took the fun out of reading for me. Eighth grade came we started to write about who our heroes were; I wrote about my baby cousin that had died a year before. He was my rock. That was basically my main focus point for all my papers. After I left middle school, I started to attend the high school, Lincoln High School. This school has had me on a roller coaster since day one. We immediately began to read, How to Kill a Mockingbird, we had to analyze and write about the morals of the story. As time went on, I found out that I qualified for several AP English classes. Junior and senior year, I took AP British Literature, AP Issues in Fiction, and AP Creative Writing. The only class that I enjoyed going to was my creative writing class. In that class I was able to write about anything that I wanted. I wrote about fairy tales, I wrote a children’s book for the elementary kid, short stories, everything! I felt at home, comfortable with writing rather than I felt in my other two English classes. I am a creative writer, I write what comes out of my heart and mind. Everything I wrote just had an amazing flow, I never ever want to stop writing as long as I can make it fun for myself; and make it interesting for others to enjoy too! Where I am Today as a Reader and Writer I am in college now, so there is a lot that has changed. I’m still a very creative writer, there isn’t a class that I’ve came across yet that I can take where I can express my creativity in writing. I am hoping that down the road I’ll come across a class that is somewhat like my high school creative writing class. I still read regularly, I just finished the 50 Shades of Grey trilogy by E. L. James, and I’ve got to say, I never thought that I’d have so much interest in a book that has such a vulgar topic. I know deep down that I have room for improvement with my writing skills as well as my reading, and I’m hoping to improve myself better throughout the next four years that I’m going to be spending at Eastern.